Fabrication of Highly Microporous Structure Activated Carbon via Surface Modification with Sodium Hydroxide

Abstract

The aim of this study was to select the optimal conditions for the carbonization process followed by surface modification treatment with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to obtain a highly microporous activated carbon structure derived from palm kernel shells (PKS) and coconut shells (CS). The effects of the carbonization temperature and NaOH concentration on the physiochemical properties, adsorption capability, specific surface area, surface morphology, and surface chemistry of PKS and CS were evaluated in this study. The results show that surface-modified activated carbons presented higher surface area values (CS: 356.87 m2 g−1, PKS: 427.64 m2 g−1), smaller pore size (CS: 2.24 nm, PKS: 1.99 nm), and larger pore volume (CS: 0.34 cm3 g−1, PKS: 0.30 cm3 g−1) than the untreated activated carbon, demonstrating that the NaOH surface modification was efficient enough to improve the surface characteristics of the activated carbon. Moreover, surface modification via 25% NaOH greatly increases the active functional group of activated carbon, thereby directly increasing the adsorption capability of activated carbon (CS: 527.44 mg g−1, PKS: 627.03 mg g−1). By applying the NaOH post-treatment as the ultimate surface modification technique to the activated carbon derived from PKS and CS, a highly microporous structure was produced.

Application of ionic liquids and various carbon materials in reference electrodes with carbon paste‐based transducers

“…Palm kernel shell graphene oxide samples were prepared by Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, University Putra Malaysia. The detailed description of the synthesis of the material was previously described by [39][40][41]. Differences in synthesis procedure for all samples are highlighted in Table 2.…”

Granular activated carbon optimization for enhanced environmental disaster resilience and malathion removal from agricultural effluent

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Review on Coal-Based Activated Carbon: Preparation, Modification, Application, Regeneration, and Perspectives

“…Therefore, AC is widely used as an adsorbent. In addition, AC has the characteristics of high conductivity, low cost, chemical inertness, and high thermal stability and can be used as an ideal material for supercapacitors, catalysts, and catalyst carriers. ,− Various carbon-containing materials can be used as raw materials to prepare AC; the most common are coal, wood, and coconut, among which coal-based activated carbon (CAC) is the most widely used in China. ,, …”