“…Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanotubes have been well known for their excellent properties in the field of their structural stability, high specific area, high porosity, and bio-compatibility. − Owing to these features, TiO 2 nanotubes (TNTs) have great potential for various applications such as photochemical catalysis, , hydrogen production, solar water splitting, , and solar cells. , At present, the main methods for fabricating TNTs include hydrothermal (HT), , anodization, − sol–gel, , and template methods . Anodization has obtained the foremost attention because it is a quick and effortless strategy, and it is simple to adjust the morphological characteristics of TNTs. − Furthermore, the HT method can not only directly synthesize TiO 2 nanotubes but also modify the surface of the as-prepared TNTs .…”