Fabrication of Fourier-transform, integrated-optic spatial heterodyne spectrometer on silica-based planar waveguide

Okamoto, K.; Aoyagi, H.; Takada, K.

doi:10.1364/ol.35.002103

Cited by 51 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…[5], en la cual se sustituyen los espejos móviles por redes de difracción [6]. El concepto teórico de los SHS puede ser implementado mediante arrays de interferómetros Mach-Zehnder (Mach-Zehnder Interferometer, MZI) con diferencias crecientes de caminos ópticos [4,7,8]. El análisis completo del espectro dentro del rango espectral libre del dispositivo se realiza en una sola medida mediante análisis de Fourier del patrón interferencial estacionario de salida.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Fourier-Transform spectrometer implemented in silicon-based spiral waveguides

Velasco¹

2013

Opt. Pura Apl.

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RESUMEN:En este trabajo se presenta el diseño, fabricación y caracterización de un micro-espectrómetro de transformada de Fourier implementado mediante guías de ondas planas. El dispositivo comprende un array de 32 interferómetros Mach-Zehnder con diferencias de caminos ópticos crecientes entre los brazos de los interferómetros, alcanzando una resolución de 0.1 nm en un rango espectral libre de 1.6 nm. Se han utilizado guías de onda de silicio en estructuras espirales en los brazos de los interferómetros para conseguir reducir el tamaño del dispositivo por debajo de 12 mm 2 .Palabras clave: Espectrómetro, Silicio, Transformada de Fourier. ABSTRACT:In this work we present the design, fabrication and characterization of a Fourier-Transform microspectrometer implemented with planar waveguides. The device comprises an array of 32 MachZehnder interferometers with increasing optical path differences between the arms of the interferometer, reaching a resolution of 0.1 nm in a free spectral range of 1.6 nm. Silicon waveguides in a spiral structure have been used in the arms of the interferometer, reducing the footprint of the device below 12 mm 2 .

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Section: Introductionunclassified

Fourier-Transform spectrometer implemented in silicon-based spiral waveguides

Velasco¹

2013

Opt. Pura Apl.

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“…In a typical configuration, a waveguide array of MachZehnder interferometers (MZIs) with increasing path differences are used to implement the SHS concept [9,10]. For such a geometry, the source power spectrum and the output interferogram are related by the cosine FT. A similar MZI array geometry, including phase-correction circuits using independent heaters for each MZI, has also been demonstrated [13]. However, when long optical path delays are required for high spectral resolution, similar configurations yield prohibitively large devices.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The wavelength resolution (δλ) and the FSR of the device are determined by the maximum path difference and the number of interferometers [10,13], respectively:…”

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High-resolution Fourier-transform spectrometer chip with microphotonic silicon spiral waveguides

et al. 2013

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We report a stationary Fourier-transform spectrometer chip implemented in silicon microphotonic waveguides. The device comprises an array of 32 Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) with linearly increasing optical path delays between the MZI arms across the array. The optical delays are achieved by using Si-wire waveguides arranged in tightly coiled spirals with a compact device footprint of 12 mm 2 . Spectral retrieval is demonstrated in a single measurement of the stationary spatial interferogram formed at the output waveguides of the array, with a wavelength resolution of 40 pm within a free spectral range of 0.75 nm. The phase and amplitude errors arising from fabrication imperfections are compensated using a transformation matrix spectral retrieval algorithm. In a typical configuration, a waveguide array of MachZehnder interferometers (MZIs) with increasing path differences are used to implement the SHS concept [9,10]. For such a geometry, the source power spectrum and the output interferogram are related by the cosine FT. A similar MZI array geometry, including phase-correction circuits using independent heaters for each MZI, has also been demonstrated [13]. However, when long optical path delays are required for high spectral resolution, similar configurations yield prohibitively large devices.In this Letter, we present a compact FT spectrometer chip, in which a high spectral resolution of 40 pm with a compact device size is achieved by using tightly coiled spiral waveguide structures in an MZI array. Furthermore, a spectral retrieval algorithm with phase and amplitude error compensations is demonstrated for the first time to the best of our knowledge, obviating the need for dedicated phase correction circuits. The FT spectrometer is implemented as an array of N MZIs in silicon-on-insulator (SOI) waveguides (Fig. 1). Each MZI comprises a reference arm of constant length and a delay arm with a spiral waveguide. The length of the delay arm, i.e., spiral length, linearly increases by ΔL across the array. The high refractive index contrast of the SOI platform and the waveguide bend radius of ∼5 μm readily allows the making of spirals with geometrical lengths of over a centimeter within an area only a few hundred micrometers in diameter.For a given input spectral distribution, the dispersive property of the MZI array results in a wavelengthdependent spatial interferogram at the outputs of the array. The relation between the input spectral distribution and the interferogram Ix i is unambiguous within

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“…This configuration does not require any moving element, unlike a conventional FT spectrometer, and its resolution is limited by the maximum measured optical path delay, without requiring an interaction between the measured signal and a local oscillator as in coherent spectroscopy [14]. SHFT spectrometers can be implemented as an interferometer array integrated on a photonic chip [15][16][17][18], allowing multiple input apertures for an increased radiant throughput compared to planar waveguide devices with a single input waveguide, such as arrayed waveguide gratings [19]. Furthermore, this allows us to individually characterize the transfer function of each interferometer element of the array, and in principle it enables the computational compensation of deviations from the ideal design that may arise from fabrication limitations or imperfections.…”

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“…Furthermore, this allows us to individually characterize the transfer function of each interferometer element of the array, and in principle it enables the computational compensation of deviations from the ideal design that may arise from fabrication limitations or imperfections. However, maximum optical path delays in such integrated spectrometer chips are limited to a few centimeters [15][16][17][18].…”

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Optical fiber interferometer array for scanless Fourier-transform spectroscopy

et al. 2013

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We report a spatial heterodyne Fourier-transform spectrometer implemented with an array of optical fiber interferometers. This configuration generates a wavelength-dependent stationary interferogram from which the input spectrum is retrieved in a single shot without scanning elements. Furthermore, fabrication and experimental deviations from the ideal behavior of the device are corrected by spectral inversion algorithms. The spectral resolution of our system can be readily scaled up by incorporating longer optical fiber delays, providing a pathway toward surpassing current spectroscopy resolution limits.

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Fabrication of Fourier-transform, integrated-optic spatial heterodyne spectrometer on silica-based planar waveguide

Abstract: We describe a configuration of the integrated-optic spectrometer based on Fourier-transform spectroscopy. The original source spectrum has been successfully retrieved with 20 GHz resolution by the spectrometer implemented in a silica-based planar waveguide.

Cited by 51 publications

References 7 publications

Fourier-Transform spectrometer implemented in silicon-based spiral waveguides

Fourier-Transform spectrometer implemented in silicon-based spiral waveguides

High-resolution Fourier-transform spectrometer chip with microphotonic silicon spiral waveguides

Optical fiber interferometer array for scanless Fourier-transform spectroscopy

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