“…The components were introduced into the Cu surface one after the other in the order of Al, Zr, Ni and Co. The ball collisions after a series of 1 min pretreatments introduced the different particles from the grinding medium into the Cu surface at a depth of around 50 mm and produced a multicomponent surface composite layer [9]; thereafter, the as-fabricated layer was ball treated under the same experimental conditions for 1 h. The intermixing of the component on the nanoscale level was studied using Cs-corrected transmission electron microscopy (TEM) JEM-ARM200F. Focused ion beam instrument was used to prepare specimens for TEM.…”