Fabrication of conductive cross‐linked polyaniline/G‐MWCNTS core‐shell nanocomposite: A selective sensor for trace determination of chlorophenol in water samples

Abstract

The nanocomposites (NCs) of cross-linked polyaniline (CPA) with a variety of carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) (CPA/CNMs NCs) was prepared by the chemical oxidative copolymerization of PANI and p-phenylenediamine (PPDA) with triphenylamine (TPA) in the presence of CNMs. The results of XRD, FTIR and Raman indicated that the CPA/CNMs NCs were effectively synthesized with strong interactions among the constituents. The morphology study demonstrated that CNMs were well coated by CPA and produce a well-aligned nanorod core-shell structure with the large surface area which may be more beneficial to electrical conductivity when used as electrode materials. Differential thermal analysis techniques (TGA-DTG) were used to characterize the thermal stability of NCs. The heat of formation of CPA monomer from TPA, PPDA and aniline (ANI) were computed using Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The NCs of G-MWCNTs demonstrate higher affinity to oxidation of Chlorophenols (CPHs) than glassy carbon electrode (GCE), CPA/GCE and the other NCs. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was used for the trace determination of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP). Under the optimum conditions, the peak current of 2,4-DCP was proportional to its concentration in the range of 0.05-0.6 μmol/L. The detection limit was 7.6 nmol/L. The method was successfully applied for the determination of 2,4-DCP in fish farm water with satisfactory recoveries. The suggested method has an advantage to be used for water samples due to its short analytical time, rapid response, high sensitivity, and excellent selectivity with good reproducibility. K E Y W O R D S 2,4-dichlorophenol sensor, crosslinked polyaniline/G-MWCNTS nanocomposite, density functional theory, electrochemical properties, thermal properties 1 | INTRODUCTION Conducting polymer (CPs) based sensors have the advantages of the processability of environmental, simplicity, high electrical conductivity, mechanical flexibility as well as low cost 1-2 P.ANI in many applications has appeared as one of the most promising CPs materials. 3-6 PANI composites have been used in the fabrication of diverse devices, such as thermoelectric and energy storage devices, biofuel cells and batteries. 7-16 However, the electrochemical applications are the most promising application of these composites. Particularly, in many electroanalytical studies, the fabrication of PANI and PANI composite electrochemical sensors has become a common way and offers high selectivity as well as sensitivity to detect target molecules. 17-19 Crosslinking may be a candidate to enhance the PANI electrical and

Tunable construction of electrochemical sensors for chlorophenol detection

“…There are diverse kinds of working electrodes currently in use, including the classic noble metal electrodes (Au and Pt), indium tin oxide (ITO) glass electrodes, or carbonic electrodes like the glassy carbon electrode (GCE), carbon paste electrode (CPE), carbon ceramic electrode (CCE) and boron-doped diamond electrode (BDDE), for which a wide range of active materials can be used to modify the electrochemical performance. 72–95 The modified working electrodes are highly tunable in both the structure and function that help increase the signal response of CPs and the detection selectivity. Various property and performance factors are normally considered when trying to identify the best materials for modifying a certain type of electrode, and the typical factors include the background current, potential window, electrical conductivity, response rate and electrocatalytic activity towards CPs, chemical stability, machinable properties, portability, reusability, costs, etc.…”

“…Polyaniline (PANI) has been utilized to construct MIPs as well, and the charge-transport characteristics of PANI can be significantly adjusted by introducing conjugated crosslinkers between the conductive macromolecule chains. Based on this, Katowah et al 77 used the cross-linked PANI (CPANI) to composite with graphene–MWCNTs to form a core–shell MIP and modified it onto a GCE. This modified electrode showed improvement in both charge-transport rate and detecting selectivity when tested for 2,4-DCP, for which the linear detection range was 0.05–0.6 μM and LOD was 7.6 nM.…”

The performance of carboxylated alginic acid derivatives via methyl orange and Congo red catalytic reduction

“…Moreover, among them catalysis shows very good activity for reducing these dyes. As a continuation of our research for the fabrication of different types of hybrid nanocomposite materials for the ecofriendly applications, [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] we giveaway easy and a simple process, it was done as follows potassium permanganate as an oxidizing agent for alginic acid For 30 min, the operation was carried out at a temperature of 45°C with intense mechanical stirring. Oxdayzing agent was only employed in concentrations up to 10 mM because of its explosive tendency.…”

Development of a superhydrophilic nanofiber membrane for oil/water emulsion separation via modification of polyacrylonitrile/polyaniline composite

“…Polyaniline (PANI) as a conductive polymer has advantages such as easy synthesis, low cost and high polymerization efficiency 25,34 . PANI is an aromatic conjugate polymer with excellent electrical properties 35 .…”