Abstract:Novel cellulose acetate-based anion exchange membranes (CA-AEM) are successfully synthesized via gamma radiation grafting as a possible renewable alternative to commercial AEMs. Using CA film precursors with degree of acetylation of 2.5, the synthesized AEM shows a high ion exchange capacity of 2.15 mmol g −1 obtained at high degree of grafting of 45%. It was determined using thermogravimetric analysis that the radiation-grafted CA-AEM has stable amine functional groups under oxygen environment within the norm… Show more
“…An initial weight loss of around 3.2% was observed below 100 °C in all the membranes, which was due to the evaporation of water and solvent in the membranes [ 50 ]. The main thermal degradation of cellulose acetate polymer chains, which represents the decomposition of CO 2 , CO, H 2 O, and acetic acid, was observed in the range of ~300 °C–400 °C [ 49 , 51 ]. Finally, the carbonization of the degraded products started at the temperature of around ~400 °C [ 52 ].…”
Developing a hybrid composite polymer membrane with desired functional and intrinsic properties has gained significant consideration in the fabrication of proton exchange membranes for microbial fuel cell applications. Among the different polymers, a naturally derived cellulose biopolymer has excellent benefits over synthetic polymers derived from petrochemical byproducts. However, the inferior physicochemical, thermal, and mechanical properties of biopolymers limit their benefits. In this study, we developed a new hybrid polymer composite of a semi-synthetic cellulose acetate (CA) polymer derivate incorporated with inorganic silica (SiO2) nanoparticles, with or without a sulfonation (–SO3H) functional group (sSiO2). The excellent composite membrane formation was further improved by adding a plasticizer (glycerol (G)) and optimized by varying the SiO2 concentration in the polymer membrane matrix. The composite membrane’s effectively improved physicochemical properties (water uptake, swelling ratio, proton conductivity, and ion exchange capacity) were identified because of the intramolecular bonding between the cellulose acetate, SiO2, and plasticizer. The proton (H+) transfer properties were exhibited in the composite membrane by incorporating sSiO2. The composite CAG–2% sSiO2 membrane exhibited a higher proton conductivity (6.4 mS/cm) than the pristine CA membrane. The homogeneous incorporation of SiO2 inorganic additives in the polymer matrix provided excellent mechanical properties. Due to the enhancement of the physicochemical, thermal, and mechanical properties, CAG–sSiO2 can effectively be considered an eco-friendly, low-cost, and efficient proton exchange membrane for enhancing MFC performance.
“…An initial weight loss of around 3.2% was observed below 100 °C in all the membranes, which was due to the evaporation of water and solvent in the membranes [ 50 ]. The main thermal degradation of cellulose acetate polymer chains, which represents the decomposition of CO 2 , CO, H 2 O, and acetic acid, was observed in the range of ~300 °C–400 °C [ 49 , 51 ]. Finally, the carbonization of the degraded products started at the temperature of around ~400 °C [ 52 ].…”
Developing a hybrid composite polymer membrane with desired functional and intrinsic properties has gained significant consideration in the fabrication of proton exchange membranes for microbial fuel cell applications. Among the different polymers, a naturally derived cellulose biopolymer has excellent benefits over synthetic polymers derived from petrochemical byproducts. However, the inferior physicochemical, thermal, and mechanical properties of biopolymers limit their benefits. In this study, we developed a new hybrid polymer composite of a semi-synthetic cellulose acetate (CA) polymer derivate incorporated with inorganic silica (SiO2) nanoparticles, with or without a sulfonation (–SO3H) functional group (sSiO2). The excellent composite membrane formation was further improved by adding a plasticizer (glycerol (G)) and optimized by varying the SiO2 concentration in the polymer membrane matrix. The composite membrane’s effectively improved physicochemical properties (water uptake, swelling ratio, proton conductivity, and ion exchange capacity) were identified because of the intramolecular bonding between the cellulose acetate, SiO2, and plasticizer. The proton (H+) transfer properties were exhibited in the composite membrane by incorporating sSiO2. The composite CAG–2% sSiO2 membrane exhibited a higher proton conductivity (6.4 mS/cm) than the pristine CA membrane. The homogeneous incorporation of SiO2 inorganic additives in the polymer matrix provided excellent mechanical properties. Due to the enhancement of the physicochemical, thermal, and mechanical properties, CAG–sSiO2 can effectively be considered an eco-friendly, low-cost, and efficient proton exchange membrane for enhancing MFC performance.
“…395 There is also some interest in making RG-AEMs from non-fluorinated non-polyethylene substrates such as cellulose acetate, and Nylon-6,6 nanofibrous sheets. 396,397 The crystallinity of the substrate can also influence the final properties of RG-PEMs and RG-AEMs, as their final nano-morphologies can be complex. [398][399][400][401][402] The radicals formed on irradiation tend to be more stable in the crystalline domains, but they can migrate to the interphase and amorphous domains, 388,389 where they will react with any oxygen species, and grafting will predominantly propagate into the amorphous domains.…”
This review provides a depth of knowledge on the synthesis, properties and performance of aryl ether-free anion exchange polymer electrolytes for electrochemical and energy devices.
“…To address this challenge, researchers have explored various strategies to enhance the conductivity of cellulose-based AEMs. In particular, referring to the conductivity problem of the cellulose-based membrane, there are numerous types of agents to improve the conductivity of AEM, including PDDA [148], trimethylaluminium [149], 2,2-azobis(2methylpropionitril) and N-bromosuccinimide [150]. Compared to others, DABCO (1,4-diazabicyclo high conductivity moreover, the membrane showed good dimensional and alkaline stability owing to cross-linking with compatible polymer [38].…”
Chitosan (CS)-based anion exchange membranes (AEMs) have gained significant attention in fuel cell applications owing to their numerous benefits, such as environmental friendliness, flexibility for structural alteration, and improved mechanical, thermal and chemical durability. This study aims to enhance the cell performance of CS-based AEMs by addressing key factors including mechanical stability, ionic conductivity, water absorption and expansion rate. While previous reviews have predominantly focused on CS as a proton-conducting membrane, the present mini-review highlights the advancements of CS-based AEMs. Furthermore, the study investigates the stability of cationic head groups grafted to CS through simulations. Understanding the chemical properties of CS, including the behaviour of grafted head groups, provides valuable insights into the membrane’s overall stability and performance. Additionally, the study mentions the potential of modern cellulose membranes for alkaline environments as promising biopolymers. While the primary focus is on CS-based AEMs, the inclusion of cellulose membranes underscores the broader exploration of biopolymer materials for fuel cell applications.
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