Fabrication of blazed gratings by area-coded effective medium structures

Elfström, Henna; Kuittinen, Markku; Vallius, Tuomas; Kleemann, Bernd H.; Ruoff, Johannes; Arnold, Ralf

doi:10.1016/j.optcom.2006.05.042

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Therefore, the diffraction spectrum of this 2D grating is similar to that of a 1D grating, with the blazing effect induced by the local effective refractive index modulation within each period along the x direction. 8,10 The classical slanted grating in Fig. 1͑b͒, however, achieves the blazing effect with the aid of its asymmetrical surface-relief profile.…”

Section: Fundamental Principlementioning

confidence: 99%

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Asymmetrical excitation of surface plasmon polaritons on blazed gratings at normal incidence

et al. 2009

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We present results of numerical simulations and preliminary experiments to investigate and characterize the effect of asymmetrical coupling of normally incident light to surface plasmon polaritons ͑SPPs͒ on metallic blazed gratings. Two types of blazed gratings are investigated, a two-dimensional ͑2D͒ area-coded binary grating and a one-dimensional ͑1D͒ slanted sinusoidal grating. The 2D blazed grating, which can be fabricated with standard e-beam lithography, is shown to have the same ability as the classical 1D blazed grating to enhance the strength of the −1st͑+1st͒ evanescent order over the +1st͑−1st͒ counterpart, which leads to the asymmetrical excitation of two counterpropagating SPP modes on the grating surface. The 1D blazed grating, as a reference, is also studied experimentally to verify the previous theoretical predictions. In our first experiments, the observed asymmetrical coupling effect is relatively weak compared with the optimal designs due to many practical limitations. However, good agreement between theory and experiment has been obtained, and physical insight concerning the observed SPP coupling phenomena has been gained. Further measures to realize stronger asymmetrical excitation of SPPs on blazed gratings at normal incidence are discussed.

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Section: Fundamental Principlementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unlike the 1D slanted gratings or conventional binary-blazed gratings with high-aspect-ratio ridges or pillars, 9 the BLACES have more reasonable dimensions and are easier to fabricate with, e.g., standard EBL. 10 We thus propose the use of BLACES as an alternative for the asymmetrical coupling of SPPs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Asymmetrical excitation of surface plasmon polaritons on blazed gratings at normal incidence

et al. 2009

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“…1(b) (bottom). These gratings are composed of a periodic association of pie slices with a subwavelength transverse periodicity and have been recently fabricated with an electron-beam lithography tool in quartz for operation at 633 nm [16]. The reported experimental efficiencies ͑Ϸ70% ͒ have been found to be in very good agreement with theoretical predictions.…”

Section: B Optical Analysis Of One-dimensional Blazed-binary and Arementioning

confidence: 58%

“…The efficiency of the scalar-domain limit may be broken [10][11][12]. Recent examples of components relying on the artificial-medium analogy can be found in [13][14][15][16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of blazed diffractive optical elements formed with artificial dielectrics

et al. 2007

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A new hybrid method for the analysis of diffractive optical elements, which combines fully vectorial and scalar theories, is presented. It is suitable for use with elements of arbitrary large zone, even when the local feature size is of the order of the wavelength. To assess its applicability, we have performed cross-checking tests. The model is shown to accurately predict many optical properties of diffractive optical elements based on twodimensional artificial dielectrics, like the useful energy diffracted into the order of interest or the deterministic loss into high diffraction orders for an illumination with a wavelength different from the design wavelength or for highly oblique incidence.

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“…This drawback is observed for most diffractive optical components reported so far, including classical optical diffractive components such as échelette components, spatial light modulators or volume holograms [2]. The limitation was not removed by the series of works initiated in the mid 90's, which used effective medium theory to achieve high performance blazing at visible and near-infrared wavelengths with graded-index artificial dielectric materials [4][5][6][7][8][9]. Even in recent works on metamaterial phase holograms [10] or ultra-thin metasurfaces [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18], a broadband and efficient blazing is difficult to reach, despite the broad response of metallic nanoantennas used in these new approaches.…”

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confidence: 99%

Broadband and Efficient Diffraction

Ribot

Lee

Collin

et al. 2013

Advanced Optical Materials

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Abstract:Surface topography dictates the deterministic functionality of diffraction by a surface. In order to maximize the efficiency with which a diffractive optical component, such as a grating or a diffractive lens, directs light into a chosen order of diffraction, it is necessary that it be "blazed". The efficiency of most diffractive optical components reported so far varies with the wavelength, and blazing is achieved only at a specific nominal energy, the blaze wavelength. The existence of spurious light in undesirable orders represents a severe limitation that prevents using diffractive components in broadband systems. Here we experimentally demonstrate that broadband blazing over almost one octave can be achieved by combining advanced optical design strategies and artificial dielectric materials that offer dispersion chromatism much stronger than those of conventional bulk materials. The possibility of maintaining an efficient funneling of the energy into a specific order over a broad spectral range may empower advanced research to achieve greater control over the propagation of light, leading to more compact, efficient and versatile optical components.The basic principles for tailoring the electromagnetic field of free-space optical waves and the physics of reflection, refraction and diffraction on which it is based, have been well understood for a very long time. However, until relatively recently the whole of optical technology has been limited by the very reasonable constraint that optical systems can only be designed to be made from materials that are actually available. This paradigm is presently challenged with the introduction of electromagnetic metamaterials [1], which are artificially engineered structures that have effective dielectric or magnetic constitutive parameters not attainable with naturally occurring materials. Here we study graded metamaterial films composed of mesoscopic holes and pillars etched in a semiconductor substrate. Under illumination by an incident light whose wavelength is slightly larger than the indentation dimensions, the film implements unusually strong chromatic dispersions of the effective refractive-indices. We suggest that the fusion of low-cost lithographic techniques with this new 2 design strategy will play a central role in devising diffractive optical components that remain blazed over a broad range of energies. Our first generation device, fabricated with fully standard semiconductor processes in a GaAs wafer, offers an efficient funnelling of the incident energy into a single diffraction orders over almost an octave.The common way to achieve perfect blazing into a specific diffraction order is to imprint the incident electromagnetic field with a gradual phase variation that varies by exactly 2π from one side of a diffractive zone to the other. Echelette profiles with triangular grooves are common examples which have been manufactured for the last century [2]. The 2π-phase jump is in general achieved at a single energy, the blaze wavelength. Illuminated at...

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Fabrication of blazed gratings by area-coded effective medium structures

Cited by 11 publications

References 11 publications

Asymmetrical excitation of surface plasmon polaritons on blazed gratings at normal incidence

Asymmetrical excitation of surface plasmon polaritons on blazed gratings at normal incidence

Analysis of blazed diffractive optical elements formed with artificial dielectrics

Broadband and Efficient Diffraction

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