Fabrication of a two-dimensional phased array of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

Yoo, Hoi‐Jun; Scherer, Axel; Harbison, J. P.; Florez, L. T.; Paek, Eung Gi; Gaag, B. P. Van der; Hayes, J. R.; Lehmen, A. Von; Kapon, E.; Kwon, Young–Se

doi:10.1063/1.102558

Cited by 89 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The first demonstration of such a phase-locked 2D array was reported in January 1990 by Yoo, et al [2]. This array was comprised of more than 160 VCSELs of 1.3 m diameter, with a spacing of less than 0.1 m between each lasing element.…”

Section: Coherently Coupled Vcsel Arraysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Individually addressable 2D arrays of VCSELs are potential emitters for high speed optical interconnects, such as chipto-chip communications [1]. On the other hand, coherently coupled 2D arrays of vertically emitting lasers [2][3][4] offer the potential of extended area coherent sources with high spectral purity, useful in a variety of applications in the high power (laser radar, optical communications, steerable sources) and low power (image processing, spectroscopic sensing, optical logic) regimes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Coherently coupled photonic crystal vertical cavity lasers for communication applications

Choquctte

Raflery

Danner

et al. 2005

2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference

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Optical interconnects will have an important role for internal communication within future spacecrafts as well as intra-communication between satellite constellations. Optical sources with novel functionality, such as solid state beam steering, would have many advantages. A novel approach for creating 2-dimensional arrays of coherently coupled vertically emitting laser cavities has been demonstrated and is discussed herein. Coherent optical coupling is achieved by creating a 2x2 array of defect cavities within the top distributed Bragg reflector of a photonic crystal vertical cavity surface emitting laser. By modifying the index within the coupling regions, accomplished by varying the hole parameters in those regions, coherent coupling has been observed in the far field. Utilization of this approach may lead to extended area coherent sources with high spectral purity. Moreover, tuning the phase shift between lasers in the array would enable angular steering the far field emission pattern. Such a coherent array of lasers would allow the development of optical communication laser sources with electronic beam steering capability. 12

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Section: Coherently Coupled Vcsel Arraysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coherently coupled photonic crystal vertical cavity lasers for communication applications

Choquctte

Raflery

Danner

et al. 2005

2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference

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show abstract

“…The first demonstration of such a phase-locked 2D array was reported in January 1990 by Yoo et al [2]. This array was comprised of more than 160 VCSELs etched 1.3 μm in diameter, with a spacing of less than 0.1 μm between each lasing element.…”

Section: (D) Manuscriptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photonic Crystal Light Emitting Diodes

Choquette¹,

Raftery²

2006

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Public Reporting Burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Final Report: Photonic Crystal Light Emitting Laser Arrays Report Title ABSTRACTCoherently coupled arrays of vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) offer the potential of extended area coherent sources useful in a variety of applications in the high power (laser radar, optical communications, steerable sources) and low power (image processing, spectroscopic sensing, optical logic) regimes. A recently developed method for providing optical confinement is the introduction of a two-dimensional photonic crystal (PhC) pattern with a defect, etched into the top distributed Bragg reflector, to define a defect cavity in a VCSEL. This report investigates the operation of PhC VCSELs that have multiple defect cavities to form arrays of vertically emitting lasers. A major achievement of this work is coherent coupling between the defect cavities, with both out-of-phase and in-phase coherent coupling in and defect cavity arrays. A qualitative and quantitative understanding of the optical characteristics of PhC VCSEL arrays was developed and demonstrated by the agreement of simulated to experiment results. Other conclusions supported by this study are: (1) different wafers result in coupling at different overlap integral values; (2) coupling can be effected by thermal effects (hysteresis observed), and (3) the relative phase difference between the defect civilities can be varied with injection current during both continuous-wave and pulsed operation.

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“…Evanescent transverse coupling between array elements of VCSELs has been studied extensively. [1][2][3][4][5] A major disadvantage of this approach is that the large inherent optical loss between neighboring cavities results in out-of-phase operation for those coherently coupled devices. 6 For applications such as those listed above, in-phase coherently coupled operation is generally preferred.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coherent transverse coupling in photonic crystal vertical cavity laser arrays

Raftery¹,

Lehman

Danner

et al. 2006

SPIE Proceedings

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Coherent transverse coupling in 2 2 × arrays of defect cavities in photonic crystal (PhC) vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) is reported. Modification of the effective index and optical loss by design of the photonic crystal hole pattern results in evanescent coupling between the multiple defect cavities of a PhC VCSEL. Fabrication processes for these devices are discussed. Far field measurements are utilized to demonstrate both the out-of-phase and in-phase results. Room temperature continuous wave operating characteristics for the devices are provided, and a quantitative description of the coherently coupled operation is presented. The resulting agreement between the simulated and observed far fields is shown.

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Fabrication of a two-dimensional phased array of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

Cited by 89 publications

References 12 publications

Coherently coupled photonic crystal vertical cavity lasers for communication applications

Coherently coupled photonic crystal vertical cavity lasers for communication applications

Photonic Crystal Light Emitting Diodes

Coherent transverse coupling in photonic crystal vertical cavity laser arrays

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