Fabrication of a three-dimensional printed gelatin/sodium alginate/nano-attapulgite composite polymer scaffold loaded with leonurine hydrochloride and its effects on osteogenesis and vascularization
“…Additionally, scaffolds have been utilized as controlled release tools to maintain therapeutic concentrations of diffusible tissue inductive factors. Loading a bioscaffold with the long-term released proangiogenic factor, leonurine hydrochloride (LH), can increase the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stem cells (BMSC) and promote vessel formation in vivo [ 157 ]. The long-term release of the anti-bacterial polyhexamethylenebiguanide (PHMB) efficiently reduces bacterial content in regenerating skin wounds [ 158 ].…”
Section: Biomimetic Scaffolds—from Advanced Engineering To Biological...mentioning
Biomimetic scaffolds imitate native tissue and can take a multidimensional form. They are biocompatible and can influence cellular metabolism, making them attractive bioengineering platforms. The use of biomimetic scaffolds adds complexity to traditional cell cultivation methods. The most commonly used technique involves cultivating cells on a flat surface in a two-dimensional format due to its simplicity. A three-dimensional (3D) format can provide a microenvironment for surrounding cells. There are two main techniques for obtaining 3D structures based on the presence of scaffolding. Scaffold-free techniques consist of spheroid technologies. Meanwhile, scaffold techniques contain organoids and all constructs that use various types of scaffolds, ranging from decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) through hydrogels that are one of the most extensively studied forms of potential scaffolds for 3D culture up to 4D bioprinted biomaterials. 3D bioprinting is one of the most important techniques used to create biomimetic scaffolds. The versatility of this technique allows the use of many different types of inks, mainly hydrogels, as well as cells and inorganic substances. Increasing amounts of data provide evidence of vast potential of biomimetic scaffolds usage in tissue engineering and personalized medicine, with the main area of potential application being the regeneration of skin and musculoskeletal systems. Recent papers also indicate increasing amounts of in vivo tests of products based on biomimetic scaffolds, which further strengthen the importance of this branch of tissue engineering and emphasize the need for extensive research to provide safe for humansbiomimetic tissues and organs. In this review article, we provide a review of the recent advancements in the field of biomimetic scaffolds preceded by an overview of cell culture technologies that led to the development of biomimetic scaffold techniques as the most complex type of cell culture.
“…Additionally, scaffolds have been utilized as controlled release tools to maintain therapeutic concentrations of diffusible tissue inductive factors. Loading a bioscaffold with the long-term released proangiogenic factor, leonurine hydrochloride (LH), can increase the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stem cells (BMSC) and promote vessel formation in vivo [ 157 ]. The long-term release of the anti-bacterial polyhexamethylenebiguanide (PHMB) efficiently reduces bacterial content in regenerating skin wounds [ 158 ].…”
Section: Biomimetic Scaffolds—from Advanced Engineering To Biological...mentioning
Biomimetic scaffolds imitate native tissue and can take a multidimensional form. They are biocompatible and can influence cellular metabolism, making them attractive bioengineering platforms. The use of biomimetic scaffolds adds complexity to traditional cell cultivation methods. The most commonly used technique involves cultivating cells on a flat surface in a two-dimensional format due to its simplicity. A three-dimensional (3D) format can provide a microenvironment for surrounding cells. There are two main techniques for obtaining 3D structures based on the presence of scaffolding. Scaffold-free techniques consist of spheroid technologies. Meanwhile, scaffold techniques contain organoids and all constructs that use various types of scaffolds, ranging from decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) through hydrogels that are one of the most extensively studied forms of potential scaffolds for 3D culture up to 4D bioprinted biomaterials. 3D bioprinting is one of the most important techniques used to create biomimetic scaffolds. The versatility of this technique allows the use of many different types of inks, mainly hydrogels, as well as cells and inorganic substances. Increasing amounts of data provide evidence of vast potential of biomimetic scaffolds usage in tissue engineering and personalized medicine, with the main area of potential application being the regeneration of skin and musculoskeletal systems. Recent papers also indicate increasing amounts of in vivo tests of products based on biomimetic scaffolds, which further strengthen the importance of this branch of tissue engineering and emphasize the need for extensive research to provide safe for humansbiomimetic tissues and organs. In this review article, we provide a review of the recent advancements in the field of biomimetic scaffolds preceded by an overview of cell culture technologies that led to the development of biomimetic scaffold techniques as the most complex type of cell culture.
“…The polymer network becomes more compact when chitosan and Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) are combined with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), enabling regulated swelling during solvent ingress [36]. The polymer composite's three-dimensional network influenced how quickly the medication was released from the matrix [37,38]. Sample 2's polymer network traps the medication, gradually releasing after controlled swelling, resulting in a sustained release profile.…”
Objective: The primary objective was to fabricate a novel drug delivery system capable of providing a controlled and prolonged release of antibiotics.
Methods: The experimental design was formulated using Design-Expert® software (version 13), enabling systematic and efficient fabrication process optimization. The study involved the preparation of various nanofiber formulations with different ratios of the three polymers to assess their impact on drug release behavior. Mafenide, a widely used antibiotic, was chosen as the model drug for this investigation. The electrospinning process allowed for producing uniform and fine nanofibers with a high surface area, ensuring a large drug-loading capacity. The synthesized nanofibers were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to evaluate their morphology, chemical interactions, and thermal properties. The drug release kinetics of the antibiotic-loaded nanofibers were studied under different physiological conditions to assess their sustained release behavior.
Results: The final nanofiber formula was successfully prepared using the electrospinning technique. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis was achieved to confirm the possibility of chemical interaction and bond formation between mafenide and the polymers. Present. The SEM picture of the optimized nanofiber formula showed the homogeneity and excellent entanglement of the electrospun nanofibers at a resolution of 5 µm. PVA/chitosan/HPMC and mafenide pure drug have been successfully fabricated with sufficient strength to resist swelling after absorbing wound exudate. The polymer network becomes more compact when chitosan and Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) are combined with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), enabling regulated swelling during solvent ingress. The polymer composite's three-dimensional network influenced how quickly the medication was released from the matrix. Sample 2's polymer network traps the medication, gradually releasing after controlled swelling, resulting in a sustained release profile compared to blank sample according to the cumulative release (%) study of mafenide loaded nanofiber and mafenide drug blank sample.
Conclusion: This research successfully demonstrated the fabrication of sustained-release antibiotic nanofibers using electrospinning and three biocompatible polymers. The systematic optimization approach using Design-Expert® software proved effective in tailoring the drug release behavior of nanofibers. The developed drug delivery system holds great promise for pharmaceutical applications, particularly in improving antibiotic therapies and patient care.
“…Western Blotting Assay. 21 Following the established procedures in our research group for protein imprinting experiments, in brief, total proteins from BMSCs and HUVECs were individually extracted using the RIPA lysis method. The BCA Protein Assay Kit (Solarbio Beijing, China) was then employed for protein quantification.…”
Section: Alkaline Phosphatase (Alp) and Alizarin Red Stainingmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Tan et al developed a pure drug-loaded scaffold. However, the combination of a pure scaffold with drugs may lead to unstable drug release . Therefore, we are attempting to develop a sustained-release drug-loaded scaffold structure that can promote vascularization and bone growth at the site of bone defects.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, the combination of a pure scaffold with drugs may lead to unstable drug release. 21 Therefore, we are attempting to develop a sustained-release drug-loaded scaffold structure that can promote vascularization and bone growth at the site of bone defects. Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) is a biocompatible and easily processable aliphatic polyester.…”
The treatment of various large bone defects has remained a challenge for orthopedic surgeons for a long time. Recent research indicates that curculigoside (CUR) extracted from the curculigo plant exerts a positive influence on bone formation, contributing to fracture healing. In this study, we employed emulsification/solvent evaporation techniques to successfully fabricate poly(ε-caprolactone) nanoparticles loaded with curculigoside (CUR@ PM). Subsequently, using three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, we successfully developed a bioinspired composite scaffold named HA/GEL/SA/CUR@PM (HGSC), chemically cross-linked with calcium chloride, to ensure scaffold stability. Further characterization of the scaffold's physical and chemical properties revealed uniform pore size, good hydrophilicity, and appropriate mechanical properties while achieving sustained drug release for up to 12 days. In vitro experiments demonstrated the nontoxicity, good biocompatibility, and cell proliferative properties of HGSC. Through alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, Alizarin Red S (ARS) staining, cell migration assays, tube formation assays, and detection of angiogenic and osteogenic gene proteins, we confirmed the HGSC composite scaffold's significant angiogenic and osteoinductive capabilities. Eight weeks postimplantation in rat cranial defects, Micro-computed tomography (CT) and histological observations revealed pronounced angiogenesis and new bone growth in areas treated with the HGSC composite scaffold. These findings underscore the scaffold's exceptional angiogenic and osteogenic properties, providing a solid theoretical basis for clinical bone repair and demonstrating its potential in promoting vascularization and bone regeneration.
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