Fabrication of a PMN-PT Single Crystal-Based Transcranial Doppler Transducer and the Power Regulation of  Its Detection System

Wang, Hao; Li, Dongxu; Wang, Wei; Di, Wenning; Lin, Di; Wang, Xian; Luo, Haosu

doi:10.3390/s141224462

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(10 reference statements)

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“…In the last decades, lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramic was the predominant piezoelectric material for building US transducers, due to its excellent piezoelectric properties, chemical inertness, physical strength, and easy and inexpensive manufacturing (Yue et al, 2014). However, PZT has some drawbacks, such as a high acoustic impedance (20 times higher than human soft tissues) and power loss from low electromechanical conversion efficiency, which have led the need to the investigation of a new generation of piezoelectric materials, such as single crystal PMN-PT (lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate) and PIN-PMN-PT (lead indium niobate-lead magnesium niobate-lead ti-tanate).…”

Section: Piezoelectric Materials For Ultrasonic Transducersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Archives of Acoustics

Luca

Forzoni

Gelli

et al. 2021

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The ultrasound (US) imaging market is fast-changing in terms of needs, trends and tendencies as it undergoes rapid innovations. Due to technological improvements, a variety of US probe types is available to cover a wide range of clinical applications. The aim of this paper is to provide information to healthcare professionals to select the appropriate probe for the intended use and the desired performance/price ratio. This work describes the majority of conventional, special and unique US probe types currently available on the market, together with technological insights that are responsible for image quality and a list of some of their clinical applications. The description of the inner transducer technologies allows to understand what contributes to different prices, features, quality level and breadth of applications. The comparison of current US probes and the analysis of advanced performances arising from the latest innovations, may help physicians, biomedical and clinical engineers, sonographers and other stakeholders with purchasing and maintenance commitments, enabling them to select the appropriate probe according to their clinical and economical needs.

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Section: Piezoelectric Materials For Ultrasonic Transducersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Archives of Acoustics

Luca

Forzoni

Gelli

et al. 2021

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“…As per the IEEE standard, the thickness mode electromechanical coupling coefficient (

) is given by [ 170 , 171 , 172 ]

…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Acoustic Impedance Matching Techniques for Piezoelectric Sensors and Transducers

Rathod

2020

Sensors

159

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The coupling of waves between the piezoelectric generators, detectors, and propagating media is challenging due to mismatch in the acoustic properties. The mismatch leads to the reverberation of waves within the transducer, heating, low signal-to-noise ratio, and signal distortion. Acoustic impedance matching increases the coupling largely. This article presents standard methods to match the acoustic impedance of the piezoelectric sensors, actuators, and transducers with the surrounding wave propagation media. Acoustic matching methods utilizing active and passive materials have been discussed. Special materials such as nanocomposites, metamaterials, and metasurfaces as emerging materials have been presented. Emphasis is placed throughout the article to differentiate the difference between electric and acoustic impedance matching and the relation between the two. Comparison of various techniques is made with the discussion on capabilities, advantages, and disadvantages. Acoustic impedance matching for specific and uncommon applications has also been covered.

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“…Yue et. al [20] designed a probe for TCD that improves the transducer sensitivity and the bandwidth but used the typical TCD frequency range. This probe improve the image resolution because it works on a wide range of frequencies, but the problem of poor transmission through the temporal bone still persists since neither attenuation nor acoustic impedance mismatch were taken into account.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the Acoustic Impedance Mismatch at the Bone-Soft Tissue Interface as a Function of Frequency in Transcranial Ultrasound: A Simulation and In Vitro Experimental Study

Gupta

Haïat²,

Laporte

et al. 2021

IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr.

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Transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) is a method that uses a hand held low frequency (2-2.5 MHz), pulsed Doppler phased array probe to measure blood velocity within the arteries located inside the brain. The problem with TCD lies in the low ultrasonic energy penetrating inside the brain through the skull which leads to low signal to noise ratio. This is due to several effects including phase aberration, variations in the speed of sound in the skull, scattering, the acoustic impedance mismatch and absorption of the three layer medium constituted by soft tissues, the skull and the brain. The goal of this paper is to study the effect of transmission losses due to the acoustic impedance mismatch on the transmitted energies as a function of frequency. To do so, wave propagation was modelled from the ultrasonic transducer into the brain. This model calculates transmission coefficients inside the brain, leading to a frequency-dependent transmission coefficient for a given skin and bone thickness. This approach was validated experimentally by comparing the analytical results with measurements obtained from a bone phantom plate mimicking the skull. The average position error of the occurrence of the maximum amplitude between the experiment and analytical result was equivalent to a 0.06 mm error on the skin thickness given a fixed bone thickness. Similarity between the experimental and analytical result was also demonstrated by calculating correlation coefficients. The average correlation between the experimental and analytical result came out to be 0.50 for a high frequency probe and 0.78 for a lower frequency probe. Further analysis of the simulation showed that an optimized excitation frequency can be chosen based on skin and bone thicknesses, thereby offering an opportunity to improve the image quality of TCD.

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Fabrication of a PMN-PT Single Crystal-Based Transcranial Doppler Transducer and the Power Regulation of Its Detection System

Cited by 10 publications

References 18 publications

Archives of Acoustics

Archives of Acoustics

A Review of Acoustic Impedance Matching Techniques for Piezoelectric Sensors and Transducers

Effect of the Acoustic Impedance Mismatch at the Bone-Soft Tissue Interface as a Function of Frequency in Transcranial Ultrasound: A Simulation and In Vitro Experimental Study

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