“…8 Moreover, PDAs undergo remarkable colorimetric transformation from blue to red under external stimuli, due to the conformational change of backbone structure from planar to nonplanar. 9 Since Charych et al 10 first reported the application of sialic acid-modified PDA as the selective sensor for influenza virus, PDA-based sensors with colorimetric transition feature induced by stimuli such as solvent, [11][12][13] heat, [14][15][16] pH, 17,18 mechanical stress, [19][20][21] light, 22 metal ions, 23,24 and biomolecules 25,26 have been explored as versatile chemical/biological sensing materials. 27,28 In most cases, PDA-based sensors serviced in solid phase.…”