Fabrication of a Glucose Biosensor Based on Inserted Barrel Plating Gold Electrodes

Abstract

We demonstrate here the application of barrel plating gold electrodes for fabricating a new type of disposable amperometric glucose biosensor. It is prepared by inserting two barrel plating gold electrodes onto an injection molding plastic base followed by immobilizing with a bioreagent layer and membrane on the electrode surface. The primary function of barrel plating is to provide an economical way to electroplate manufactured parts. The manufacture procedure is simple and can increase the fabrication precision for automation in mass production. At the two-electrode system, the detection of glucose is linear up to 800 mg/dL (i.e., 44.5 mM, r(2) > 0.99) in pH 7.4 PBS with a sensitivity of 0.71 microA/mM. Excellent sensor-to-sensor reproducibility shows coefficients of variation of only 0.8-1.4% for the detection of 56.5-561.0 mg/dL glucose. In laboratory trials 176 capillary blood samples with a range of 30-572 mg/dL glucose are used to evaluate the clinical application of the biosensor. A good linear correlation is observed between the measured values of the proposed biosensor and laboratory reference. Error grid analysis verifies that the proposed technique is promising in fabricating biosensor strips on a mass scale. As successfully demonstrated by using whole blood glucose as a model analyte, the fabrication technique can extend into other barrel plating noble metal electrodes for various applications.

The Influence of Blood Glucose Meter Resistance Variation on the Performance of a Biosensor with a Gold-Coated Circuit Board

“…A gold-coated test strip has the merits of excellent conductivity and a reliable fabrication process. Through electrochemical reaction of glucose oxidase (GOD), oxidase is catalyzed by electrodes to give the best performance [14]. The working potential of electrodes causes oxidase to undergo electrochemical reaction, creating a set of clear anodic and reductive peaks, which suggests that the reaction between electrodes and oxidase on the test strip is stable [15].…”

Design of Electrodes on Gold Test Strips for Enhanced Accuracy in Glucose Measurement

“…Zeng et al [4], Wang and Pamidi [5], Juſík et al [6], Nouira et al [7], Rafighi et al [8], and Ramanavicius et al [9] discussed gold nanoparticle deposition in carbon electrodes for enhanced performance. Hsu et al [10] further disclosed another biosensor electrode design of gold electrodes. Kausaite-Minkstimiene et al [11] discussed the amperometric glucose biosensor based on graphite rod (GR) working electrode modified with biocomposite consisting of poly(pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid) (PCPy) particles and enzyme glucose oxidase (GOx).…”

Activated Nickel Platform for Electrochemical Sensing of Phosphate

“…Various detection strategies for phosphate have been developed and include phosphate ion selective electrodes, chromatography, and spectroscopy and the development of sensors exploiting enzymatic reactions. − Recently, great efforts have also been devoted to design new sensors for recognition of phosphate ions in water at biological pH values using various receptors to bind dihydrogen phosphate ions. − We report here a novel method using a barrel plated nickel electrode (Ni-BPE) for flow injection analysis (FIA) of phosphate (PO 4 3− ). Note that our group has successfully applied the engineering process of barrel platting technology for mass production of disposable-type electrodes for various analytical applications. − Especially, the barrel platting technology offers a relatively straightforward means to manufacture sensor strips on a mass scale and represents a useful platform for the development of a highly precise glucose sensor. − …”