“…By deswelling the swollen PDMS micropillars coated with Ag, Gao et al [ 82 ] fabricated wrinkled conductive micropillars for ultrasensitive pressure sensors. These results suggest that controlled wrinkling could be an efficient tool for post-patterning of complex microarchitectures to achieve hierarchical microstructures, which has promising applications in 4D printing, bionic engineering, and artificial organs [ 207 , 208 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Bio-inspired Fabrication Of Wrinkling Patterns On Curved Substratesmentioning
HIGHLIGHTS • An overview of the formation mechanisms, fabrication methods, and applications of bioinspired wrinkling patterns on curved substrates is provided. • The effect of substrate curvature is described in detail to clarify the difference of wrinkling patterns between planar and curved substrates. • Opportunities and challenges of the surface wrinkling in the biofabrication, three-dimensional micro/nano fabrication, and fourdimensional printing are discussed.
“…By deswelling the swollen PDMS micropillars coated with Ag, Gao et al [ 82 ] fabricated wrinkled conductive micropillars for ultrasensitive pressure sensors. These results suggest that controlled wrinkling could be an efficient tool for post-patterning of complex microarchitectures to achieve hierarchical microstructures, which has promising applications in 4D printing, bionic engineering, and artificial organs [ 207 , 208 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Bio-inspired Fabrication Of Wrinkling Patterns On Curved Substratesmentioning
HIGHLIGHTS • An overview of the formation mechanisms, fabrication methods, and applications of bioinspired wrinkling patterns on curved substrates is provided. • The effect of substrate curvature is described in detail to clarify the difference of wrinkling patterns between planar and curved substrates. • Opportunities and challenges of the surface wrinkling in the biofabrication, three-dimensional micro/nano fabrication, and fourdimensional printing are discussed.
“… 65 Similarly, 3D printing has been applied with wet chemical modification to fabricate surfaces with controlled functionality and microstructure. 66 The combination of lithography with coating also generated surfaces with tunable wettability. 67 …”
Section: Techniques To Fabricate Patterned Hydrogelsmentioning
Hydrogel has been an attractive biomaterial for tissue engineering, drug delivery, wound healing, and contact lens materials, due to its outstanding properties, including high water content, transparency, biocompatibility, tissue mechanical matching, and low toxicity. As hydrogel commonly possesses high surface hydrophilicity, chemical modifications have been applied to achieve the optimal surface properties to improve the performance of hydrogels for specific applications. Ideally, the effects of surface modifications would be stable, and the modification would not affect the inherent hydrogel properties. In recent years, a new type of surface modification has been discovered to be able to alter hydrogel properties by physically patterning the hydrogel surfaces with topographies. Such physical patterning methods can also affect hydrogel surface chemical properties, such as protein adsorption, microbial adhesion, and cell response. This review will first summarize the works on developing hydrogel surface patterning methods. The influence of surface topography on interfacial energy and the subsequent effects on protein adsorption, microbial, and cell interactions with patterned hydrogel, with specific examples in biomedical applications, will be discussed. Finally, current problems and future challenges on topographical modification of hydrogels will also be discussed.
“…The porous surfaces prepared using quaternized PDMAEMA as well as those prepared with PAA as the main component confer antimicrobial activity to the 3D printed parts, permitting killing S. aureus bacteria on contact. It should be mentioned that these functional supports are currently evaluated for the fabrication of functional devices such as biocompatible/antifouling tubes, screws for reparative surgery, or scaffolds in which the interactions’ cell support can be improved by finely tuning the surface properties (chemistry and structure) [ 99 ].…”
Section: Synthetic Polymers With Bactericidal Propertiesmentioning
Three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies can be widely used for producing detailed geometries based on individual and particular demands. Some applications are related to the production of personalized devices, implants (orthopedic and dental), drug dosage forms (antibacterial, immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory, etc.), or 3D implants that contain active pharmaceutical treatments, which favor cellular proliferation and tissue regeneration. This review is focused on the generation of 3D printed polymer-based objects that present antibacterial properties. Two main different alternatives of obtaining these 3D printed objects are fully described, which employ different polymer sources. The first one uses natural polymers that, in some cases, already exhibit intrinsic antibacterial capacities. The second alternative involves the use of synthetic polymers, and thus takes advantage of polymers with antimicrobial functional groups, as well as alternative strategies based on the modification of the surface of polymers or the elaboration of composite materials through adding certain antibacterial agents or incorporating different drugs into the polymeric matrix.
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