Fabrication and Use of Pyrolytic Graphite Electrode for Voltammetry in Aqueous Solutions.

Miller, Frank; Zittel, H.E.

doi:10.1021/ac60205a020

Cited by 72 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Furthermore, mercury film electrodes on metallic substrates (Pt, Ag, Au and Cu) were studied and applied by several groups [122 -125]. The period of wide application of carbon electrodes in electroanalysis started with the invention of the carbon-paste electrode by Adams in 1958 [126], followed by wax impregnated graphite [127] and then pyrolytic graphite and glassy carbon, both introduced in analytical voltammetry by Zittel in 1963 and [128,129]. In the same year the use of a glassy carbon electrode in anodic stripping coulometry were reported by Yoshimori et al [130].…”

Section: Polarography [88 -112]mentioning

confidence: 99%

History of Electroanalytical Methods

Lubert

Kalcher

2010

Electroanalysis

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There are many historical reviews on electrochemistry as well as on analytical chemistry, where-as hardly any survey of the history of electroanalytical methods exists. This contribution is an approach to provide a short overview on the development of the electroanalytical methods, electrodes and electrochemical sensors. Electrogravimetry belongs to the oldest quantitative procedures introduced 1864 by Wolcott Gibbs. Roots are even older and are represented by "voltameters". Closely related to electrogravimetry is coulometry, which is also based on Faradays laws; early applications comprise determinations of atomic masses and of thin metal layers. Conductivity measurements are also a rather old analytical method, applied (with direct current) in the 18 th century already. The effective procedure was developed in the 1860s after the use of alternating current by Friedrich Kohlrausch. The Nernst equation (1889) was the base for direct potentiometry, e.g., determination of sparingly soluble electrolytes. Max Cremer is the inventor of the glass electrode (1906), which is the first electrochemical sensor. Potentiometric indication of titrations by Robert Behrend (1883) was the first instrumental indication in volumetric analysis. The invention of polarography by Jaroslav Heyrovský (1922) is the starting point of the electroanalysis with the dropping mercury electrode. The polarograph, developed in cooperation with Masuro Shikata, was the first automated analytical device. As a follow-up various methods (e.g., pulse and alternating current methods) as well as voltammetry including stripping analysis have gained importance. Further development of electroanalysis is characterized by new electrodes and electrode materials, e.g., stationary mercury electrodes, carbon-paste electrodes, chemically modified electrodes, and increased application of electrochemical sensors.

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Section: Polarography [88 -112]mentioning

confidence: 99%

History of Electroanalytical Methods

Lubert

Kalcher

2010

Electroanalysis

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“…The fabrication of the pyrolytic graphite electrode (PGE) used as working electrode (area % 8 mm 2 ) has been done in the laboratory by the reported method [15]. Prior to recording each voltammogram, the electrode surface of the PGE was resurfaced by rubbing it on an emery paper.…”

Section: Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into the Oxidation Chemistry of 2‐Hydroxypurine by Electrochemical Methods

Goyal

Sangal

2005

Electroanalysis

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The oxidation chemistry of 2-hydroxypurine has been investigated in phosphate containing supporting electrolytes at pH 1.4 -9.8 at a pyrolytic graphite electrode by voltammetric studies, spectral studies, controlled potential electrolysis and related techniques. The kinetics of decay of the UV-absorbing intermediate generated during electrooxidation was followed spectrophotometrically and the decay occurred in a pseudo-first-order reaction. The course of the electrode reaction has been deduced to involve a 6e, 6H þ oxidation of 2-hydroxypurine via the formation of 2, 8-dihydroxypurine. The electrooxidation of 2-hydroxypurine has been found to be an EC reaction (electrode reaction followed by chemical reactions) in which charge transfer is followed by competitive chemical reactions. A detailed interpretation of the redox mechanism of 2-hydroxypurine has been presented.

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“…However, its use has been completely banned in many countries due to its hypertoxicity [6]. Also, in the last five decades, various solid electrodes such as the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) [7], graphite electrode [8], gold electrode [9], silver electrode [10] and iridium electrode [11] have been investigated for their possible ability to substitute Hg electrode. But none of these electrodes was found to be acceptable for their relatively low hydrogen overvoltage (usually below −0.8 V [5]), large background current, or poor precision and resolution [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel tin-bismuth alloy electrode for anodic stripping voltammetric determination of zinc

et al. 2011

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We report on a novel tin-bismuth alloy electrode (SnBiE) for the determination of trace concentrations of zinc ions by square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry without deoxygenation. The SnBiE has the advantages of easy fabrication and low cost, and does not require a pre-treatment (in terms of modification) prior to measurements. A study on the potential window of the electrode revealed a high hydrogen overvoltage though a limited anodic range due to the oxidation of tin. The effects of pH value, accumulation potential, and accumulation time were optimized with respect to the determination of trace zinc(II) at pH 5.0. The response of the SnBiE to zinc(II) ion is linear in the 0.5-25 μM concentration range. The detection limit is 50 nM (after 60 s of accumulation). The SnBiE was applied to the determination of zinc(II) in wines and honeys, and the results were consistent with those of AAS.

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Fabrication and Use of Pyrolytic Graphite Electrode for Voltammetry in Aqueous Solutions.

Cited by 72 publications

References 17 publications

History of Electroanalytical Methods

History of Electroanalytical Methods

Insights into the Oxidation Chemistry of 2‐Hydroxypurine by Electrochemical Methods

A novel tin-bismuth alloy electrode for anodic stripping voltammetric determination of zinc

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