“…To improve the PEC performance of TiO 2 , such as narrowing its energy band and improving its electron-hole separation efficiency, different metals and nonmetals (C [ 16 ], S [ 17 ], N [ 18 ], Fe [ 19 ], Ti [ 20 ], Bi [ 21 ], and so on) were used as dopants, and precious metals (Au [ 22 ], Pt [ 23 , 24 ], Ag [ 25 ], and so on) were used as modifications. Doping and modification can decrease the recombination ratio of photoelectrons and photoholes and promote their separation in TiO 2 [ 26 , 27 ].…”