Carbon-based nanomaterials are used in various industrial fields because of their excellent performance. In construction, cementitious composites containing carbon-based materials have the potential to be used for various purposes such as crack detection and deicing. However, carbon-based materials have been experienced difficulties that cannot be easily dispersed in the cementitious composite because of the inherent material characteristic. This study aimed to investigate the possibility of using these carbon-based nanomaterials as construction materials. The structural and electrical performances of cementitious composites were investigated based on carbon-based materials such as Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT), Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube (SWCNT), Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNP), Conductive Graphite Powder (CGP). In addition, the microstructural analysis was performed through the noncovalent functionalization of carbon-based nanomaterials to examine the dispersibility.