Fabrication and magnetotransport properties of ordered sub-100 nm pseudo-spin-valve element arrays

Wang, Huixin; Wu, Yucheng; Wang, Ming; Zhang, Yugang; Li, Guanghai; Zhang, Lide

doi:10.1088/0957-4484/17/6/019

Cited by 11 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Their third samples were EBSVs of the form FeMn(10)/Py(5)/Co(2)/Cu(2)/Co(2)/Py(10)/Cu(2 0), with the thin Co layers added to improve thermal stability. The hysteresis curve for an EBSV with t Cu = 2 nm [143], or for a hybrid SV with t Cu = 4 nm [144], each looked as expected for an uncoupled SV. However, the variations of the CPP-MRs with t Cu in [143] and [144] differ from expectations in opposite ways.…”

Section: Multiple Bathsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Multiple Bathsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 2006, Wang and co-workers published three papers [143][144][145] on multiple bath electrodeposition into anodized alumina templates, using a separate bath for each of three or four components. As seed layers and bottom contacts they sputtered onto the template either 50 nm of Ta [143,145] or 100 nm of Au [144]. To prevent oxidation of the layers they added to their solutions an inhibitor such as citric or ascorbic acid and they coated the top of the template with either 4 nm [144] or 20 nm of Cu [143,145].…”

Section: Multiple Bathsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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CPP magnetoresistance of magnetic multilayers: A critical review

Bass

2016

Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials

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We present a comprehensive, critical review of data and analysis of Giant (G) Magnetoresistance (MR) with Current-flow Perpendicular-to-the-layer-Planes (CPP-MR) of magnetic multilayers [F/N] n (n = number of repeats) composed of alternating nanoscale layers of ferromagnetic (F) and non-magnetic (N) metal, or of spin-valves that allow control of anti-parallel (AP) and parallel (P) orientations of the magnetic moments of adjacent F-layers. GMR, a large change in resistance when an applied magnetic field changes the moment ordering of adjacent F-layers from AP to P, was discovered in 1988 in the geometry with Current flow in the layer-Planes (CIP). The CPP-MR has two advantages over the CIP-MR: (1) relatively simple two-current series-resistor (2CSR) and more general Valet-Fert (VF) models allow more direct access to the underlying physics; and (2) it is usually larger, which should be advantageous for devices. When the first CPP-MR data were published in 1991, it was not clear whether electronic transport in GMR multilayers is completely diffusive or at least partly ballistic. It was not known whether the properties of layers and interfaces would vary with layer thickness or number. It was not known whether the CPP-MR would be dominated by scattering within the F-metals or at the F/N interfaces. Nothing was known about: (1) spin-flipping within F-metals, characterized by a spin-diffusion length, ; (2) interface specific resistances (AR = area A times resistance R) for N1/N2 interfaces; (3) interface specific resistances and interface spin-dependent scattering asymmetry at F/N and F1/F2 interfaces; and (4) spin-flipping at F/N, F1/F2 and N1/N2 interfaces. Knowledge of spin-dependent scattering asymmetries in F-metals and F-alloys, and of spin-flipping in N-metals and N-alloys, was limited. Since 1991, CPP-MR measurements have quantified the scattering and spin-flipping parameters that determine GMR for a wide range of F-and N-metals and alloys and of F/N pairs. This review is designed to provide a history of how knowledge of CPP-MR parameters grew, to give credit for discoveries, to explain how combining theory and experiment has enabled extraction of quantitative information about these parameters, but also to make clear that progress was not always direct and to point out where disageements still exist. To limit its length, the review considers only collinear orientations of the moments of adjacent F-layers. To aid readers looking for specific information, we have provided an extensive table of contents and a detailed summary. Together, these should help locate over 100 figures plus 17 tables that collect values of individual parameters. In 1997, CIP-MR replaced anisotropic MR (AMR) as the sensor in read heads of computer hard drives. In principle, the usually larger CPP-MR was a contender for the next generation read head sensor. But in 2003, CIP-MR was replaced by the even larger Tunneling MR (TMR), which has remained the read-head sensor ever since. However, as memory bits shrink to where the relative...

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Section: Multiple Bathsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Multiple Bathsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Multiple Bathsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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CPP magnetoresistance of magnetic multilayers: A critical review

Bass

2016

Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials

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“…Typical methods for the fabrication of nanostructures include methods like photolithography [16], e-beam lithography [17], and focused ion beam lithography [18]. Even though these methods offer high-quality nanostructures, they involve tedious procedures, long processing time, limited scalability, and high cost.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid Nanofabrication of Nanostructured Interdigitated Electrodes (nIDEs) for Long-Term In Vitro Analysis of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Differentiated Cardiomyocytes

et al. 2018

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Adverse cardiac events are a major cause of late-stage drug development withdrawals. Improved in vitro systems for predicting cardiotoxicity are of great interest to prevent these events and to reduce the expenses involved in the introduction of cardiac drugs into the marketplace. Interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) affixed with a culture well provide a simple, suitable solution for in vitro analysis of cells because of their high sensitivity, ease of fabrication, and label-free, nondestructive analysis. Culturing human pluripotent stem cell differentiated cardiomyocytes onto these IDEs allows for the use of the IDE–cell combination in predictive toxicity assays. IDEs with smaller interdigitated distances allow for greater sensitivity, but typically require cleanroom fabrication. In this communication, we report the definition of a simple IDE geometry on a printed nanostructured substrate, demonstrate a Cellular Index (CI) increase from 0 to 7.7 for human cardiomyocytes, and a decrease in CI from 2.3 to 1 with increased concentration of the model drug, norepinephrine. The nanostructuring results in an increased sensitivity of our 1 mm pitch IDEs when compared to traditionally fabricated IDEs with a pitch of 10 μm (100 times larger electrode gap). The entire nanostructured IDE (nIDE) is fabricated and assembled in a rapid nanofabrication environment, thus allowing for iterative design changes and robust fabrication of devices.

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“…Nevertheless, the success of such fabrication depends not only on nanofabrication techniques, but also on approaches that offer low‐cost operation and high throughput, suitable for mass production. So far, most of the published works rely on lithography‐based processes such as photolithography, focused‐ion beam lithography, and deep‐UV lithography . The disadvantages of these approaches include long processing time, complicated procedures, high cost, and limited scalability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Magnetism in Highly Ordered Magnetite Nanoparticle‐Filled Nanohole Arrays

Duong

Khurshid

Gangopadhyay

et al. 2014

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A new approach to develop highly ordered magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticle-patterned nanohole arrays with desirable magnetic properties for a variety of technological applications is presented. In this work, the sub-100 nm nanohole arrays are successfully fabricated from a pre-ceramic polymer mold using spin-on nanoprinting (SNAP). These nanoholes a then filled with monodispersed, spherical Fe3O4 nanoparticles of about 10 nm diameter using a novel magnetic drag and drop procedure. The nanohole arrays filled with magnetic nanoparticles a imaged using magnetic force microscopy (MFM). Magnetometry and MFM measurements reveal room temperature ferromagnetism in the Fe3O4-filled nanohole arrays, while the as-synthesized Fe3O4 nanoparticles exhibit superparamagnetic behavior. As revealed by MFM measurements, the enhanced magnetism in the Fe3O4-filled nanohole arrays originates mainly from the enhanced magnetic dipole interactions of Fe3 O4 nanoparticles within the nanoholes and between adjacent nanoholes. Nanoparticle filled nanohole arrays can be highly beneficial in magnetic data storage and other applications such as microwave devices and biosensor arrays that require tunable and anisotropic magnetic properties.

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Fabrication and magnetotransport properties of ordered sub-100 nm pseudo-spin-valve element arrays

Cited by 11 publications

References 16 publications

CPP magnetoresistance of magnetic multilayers: A critical review

CPP magnetoresistance of magnetic multilayers: A critical review

Rapid Nanofabrication of Nanostructured Interdigitated Electrodes (nIDEs) for Long-Term In Vitro Analysis of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Differentiated Cardiomyocytes

Enhanced Magnetism in Highly Ordered Magnetite Nanoparticle‐Filled Nanohole Arrays

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