Fabrication and characterization of TiN nanocomposite powders fabricated by DC arc-plasma method

Kaneko, Kenji; Kitawaki, K.; Sadayama, Shoji; Razavi, Hadi; Hernández‐Garrido, Juan C.; Midgley, Paul A.; Okuyama, Hideo; Uda, Masahiro; Sakka, Yoshio

doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.12.017

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The lattice spacing of 0.212 nm, which is in accordance with the lattice fringes of the cubic TiN (200) crystal plane, and the interplanar distance of cubic TiN NPs are shown in Figure 9 (c), suggesting that the as-synthesized TiN has good crystallinity [31]. According to the SAED pattern, the exposed crystal planes of the as-obtained TiN are (111), ( 200), (220), and (311) [32,33]. A TEM picture of ZrN is shown in Figure 9(d), which indicates that ZrN NPs have a nearly spherical morphology with few intergrowths and good dispersion.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 74%

Efficient Route to Synthesize Transition Metal Nitrides Nanoparticle by Arc Discharge

Zhang,

Xie

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Nanostructured transition metal nitrides (TMNs) have been considered a promising substitute for precious metal catalysts toward ORR due to their multi-electron orbitals, metallic properties, and low cost. To design TMNs catalysts with high catalytic activity toward ORR, the intrinsic features of the influencing factor on the catalytic activity toward ORR of nanostructured TMNs need to be investigated. In the paper, titanium nitride (TiN), zirconium nitride (ZrN), and hafnium nitride (HfN) nanoparticles (NPs) are high-efficiency and one-step synthesized by the direct current arc plasma. TiN, ZrN, and HfN NPs with an oxidation layer are applied as the catalysts of hybrid sodium-air batteries (HSABs). The effect of composition and structure attributes of TMNs on ORR catalysis is defined as follows. (ⅰ) Composition effect. With the increase of the oxygen content, the catalytic ORR capability of TMNs decreases progressively due to the reduction of oxygen adsorption capacity; (ⅱ) Structure effect. The redistribution of the density of states (DOS) of ZrN indicates higher ORR activity than TiN and HfN. HSABs with ZrN exhibit an excellent cyclic stability up to 137 cycles (about 140 h), an outstanding rate performance, and a specific capacity of 2817 mAh·g−1 at 1.0 mA·cm−2.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 74%

Efficient Route to Synthesize Transition Metal Nitrides Nanoparticle by Arc Discharge

Zhang,

Xie

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…Similarly, TiN synthesis has been explored by ball milling or deformation of elemental titanium powder under different media and powder mixtures including air (mixture of nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide) [8], pyrazine compound (C4H4N2) [9], ammonia gas [4,10,11] and urea [12]. Other methods such as combustion synthesis by thermal heating of Ti under nitrogen gas or ammonia gas [13,14], direct heating of Ti-Si ingot under combined atmosphere of N2-H2-Ar [15] and direct reaction of titanium powders with nitrogen gas at very high temperature [16] have been reported as typical routes to produce TiN. More recently, electrical dischargeassisted mechanical milling (EDMM) of titanium powders under nitrogen plasma has been carried out to produce TiN [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding reaction sequences and mechanisms during synthesis of nanocrystalline Ti2N and TiN via magnetically controlled ball milling of Ti in nitrogen

2017

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Mechanically induced reactive synthesis of TiN via magnetically controlled ball milling of titanium under nitrogen gas was investigated using X-ray diffraction, advanced electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Ball milling of titanium powder with nitrogen gas was performed in Uni-Ball-Mill, with external temperature of the vial and initial pressures of the nitrogen gas monitored, while the milled samples were taken out periodically, both before and after detection of an exothermic ignition point. Before ignition, nitrogen-enriched Ti, small proportions of TiN and very minor amounts of Ti 2 N are formed, in addition to the heavily deformed Ti. Raman spectroscopy revealed the pre-ignition products to include off-stoichiometric nitrides (TiN x ) and oxynitride skin (TiO x N y ). The formation of the new TiN and Ti 2 N products before ignition was attributed to the diffusion of highly polarized active N atoms into the mechanically activated clean surfaces of Ti, followed by local reaction. This local reaction is likely promoted by numerous cycles of induced local temperature rise and rapid quenching, large surface area and accumulation of deformation defects. After the exothermic ignition, there was rapid nucleation of new TiN crystals, and simultaneous growth of the pre-existing TiN and the newly formed TiN crystals. This understanding explains the reaction pathways leading to the formation of small proportions of TiN and very minor amounts of Ti 2 N before ignition and the thin-plated TiN after ignition. . (2018). Understanding reaction sequences and mechanisms during synthesis of nanocrystalline Ti2N and TiN via magnetically controlled ball milling of Ti in nitrogen. ABSTRACTMechanically induced reactive synthesis of TiN via magnetically controlled ball milling of titanium under nitrogen gas was investigated using X-ray diffraction, advanced electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Ball milling of titanium powder with nitrogen gas was performed in Uni-Ball-Mill, with external temperature of the vial and initial pressures of the nitrogen gas monitored, while the milled samples were taken out periodically, both before and after detection of an exothermic ignition point. Before ignition, nitrogen-enriched Ti, small proportions of TiN and very minor amounts of Ti2N are formed, in addition to the heavily deformed Ti. Raman spectroscopy revealed the preignition products to include off-stoichiometric nitrides (TiNx) and oxynitride skin (TiOxNy). The formation of the new TiN and Ti2N products before ignition was attributed to the diffusion of highly polarized active N atoms into the mechanically activated clean surfaces of Ti, followed by local reaction. This local reaction is likely promoted by numerous cycles of induced local temperature rise and rapid quenching, large surface area and accumulation of deformation defects. After the exothermic ignition, there was rapid nucleation of new TiN crystals, and simultaneous growth of the pre-existing TiN and the newly formed TiN crystals. This understanding explains the ...

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“…Based on the HRTEM image in Figure 2b, the reaction between TiN and air produces an initial oxide layer on the surface of the as-synthesized TiN NPs that has a thickness of 0.6 nm. Figure 2c shows the interplanar distance of cubic TiN NPs, indicating that the as-synthesized TiN has good crystallinity and a 0.21 nm lattice spacing, consistent with the cubic TiN (200) crystal plane [28]. The SAED pattern implies that the as-obtained TiN is highly crystalline, and these XRD peaks are attributed to (111), ( 200), (220), and (311) of TiN [29].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 57%

Intrinsic Properties Affecting the Catalytic Activity toward Oxygen Reduction Reaction of Nanostructured Transition Metal Nitrides as Catalysts for Hybrid Na-Air Batteries

Zhang,

Xie

et al. 2023

Materials

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Nanostructured transition metal nitrides (TMNs) have been considered as a promising substitute for precious metal catalysts toward ORR due to their multi-electron orbitals, metallic properties, and low cost. To design TMN catalysts with high catalytic activity toward ORR, the intrinsic features of the influencing factor on the catalytic activity toward ORR of nanostructured TMNs need to be investigated. In this paper, titanium nitride (TiN), zirconium nitride (ZrN), and hafnium nitride (HfN) nanoparticles (NPs) are highly efficient and synthesized in one step by the direct current arc plasma. TiN, ZrN, and HfN NPs with an oxidation layer are applied as the catalysts of hybrid sodium–air batteries (HSABs). The effect of the composition and structural attributes of TMNs on ORR catalysis is defined as follows: (i) composition effect. With the increase in the oxygen content, the catalytic ORR capability of TMNs decreases progressively due to the reduction in oxygen adsorption capacity; (ii) structure effect. The redistribution of the density of states (DOS) of ZrN indicates higher ORR activity than TiN and HfN. HSABs with ZrN exhibit an excellent cyclic stability up to 137 cycles (about 140 h), an outstanding rate performance, and a specific capacity of 2817 mAh·g−1 at 1.0 mA·cm−2.

show abstract

Fabrication and characterization of TiN nanocomposite powders fabricated by DC arc-plasma method

Cited by 11 publications

References 24 publications

Efficient Route to Synthesize Transition Metal Nitrides Nanoparticle by Arc Discharge

Efficient Route to Synthesize Transition Metal Nitrides Nanoparticle by Arc Discharge

Understanding reaction sequences and mechanisms during synthesis of nanocrystalline Ti2N and TiN via magnetically controlled ball milling of Ti in nitrogen

Intrinsic Properties Affecting the Catalytic Activity toward Oxygen Reduction Reaction of Nanostructured Transition Metal Nitrides as Catalysts for Hybrid Na-Air Batteries

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