Fabrication and Characterization of a Quantum Voltage Noise Source Chip for a Johnson Noise Thermometer

Abstract

A Johnson noise thermometer (JNT) determines the thermodynamic temperature through cross-correlation measurement of the Johnson noise in a sense resistor at an unknown temperature. In the quantum voltage calibrated JNT system, a superconductive quantum voltage noise source (QVNS) is required to produce artificial pseudo-random noise to calibrate the gain of the cross-correlation electronics. In this paper, we present the design, fabrication, and characterization of the QVNS chip. Compared with our previous design, a new straightforward mirror symmetric layout is implemented. For this layout, the coplanar waveguides (CPWs) have the same lengths and transmission parameters. Equal pulse magnitudes are delivered to each Josephson junction array under the same output settings of the bipolar pattern generator. The modified QVNS chip is thereby enhanced because the quantum locking range is enlarged. A copper foil shielding package is used to eliminate crosstalk in this design. The first spectral comparison of two Josephson junction (JJ) arrays of with and without shielding is presented in this paper. The comparative results demonstrate that the shielding is effective. The abovementioned improvements enable us to synthesize both single and multitone waveforms with good spectral results, such that the chip satisfies the requirement of a QVNS-based JNT system for temperature measurements.

Practical realisation of the kelvin by Johnson noise thermometry

“…This technique eliminates the switch, halves the number of spectral measurements (and measurement time), and enables an increased bandwidth, but it does require very high linearity of the electronics. Two separate development efforts are underway at present, one for industrial applications [94,95], and one for primary measurements [96][97][98]. There remain unresolved questions about the effects of spectral mismatch and non-linearity when low uncertainties are required.…”