Fabrication and applications of fullerene-based metal nanocomposites: A review

Abstract

Several fabrication methods have been proposed to develop the metal matrix nanocomposites (MMNCs) reinforced by carbon nanomaterials (mostly the nanotubes, and graphene) by means of the liquid-state and the solid-state techniques. The spraying processes, the squeeze casting, the disintegrated melt deposition processes, the milling fabrication, and the friction stir processing have been used to fabricate the composite. However, the MMNCs, containing the fullerenes as reinforcement, are less known, although the properties of these objects with the predominant sp 2 bonding also extend their use in the composites. Fullerenes are hollow carbon molecules in the form of a sphere (buckyballs). Buckyballs can be essentially regarded as graphite layers, i.e., graphene sheets, wrapped into a spherical shape. Considering the staggering cost and limited availability of purified single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene, fullerenes with a spherical structure offer an interesting alternative to CNTs and graphene since they are available in abundance and at a much feasible cost. Furthermore, fullerenes offer a high degree of purity and maintain their quality even during the subsequent reproduction cycles. Thus currently, the fullerenes are widely investigated and have the potential for various technical applications. A significant potential application of fullerenes would be as reinforcement in metallic alloys used in structural parts. It should be noted that buckyballs, such as C 60 fullerenes, may be considered as fascinating reinforcements in comparison to CNT or graphene, due to their zero-dimensional geometry. They can be easily dispersed and are scarcely damaged during severe mechanical dispersion processes carried out in metal matrix composites. Fullerene has a great impact on Tribology applications due to its lubricating behavior. The spherical morphology and strong intermolecular bonding make fullerene as a lubricant material for industrial applications. This article will showcase in-depth analysis on collective information of fullerene-based nanocomposites.

Nanotechnology innovations for increasing the productivity of poultry and the prospective of nanobiosensors

“…Moreover, fullerenes are highly pure and maintain their quality over time. As a result, fullerenes are currently under investigation and have potential applications in various technical fields (Joshi & Mehta, 2021 ). Metallic alloys are likely to use fullerenes for reinforcement in structural parts as an important application.…”

Synthesis and Properties of Epoxy-Based Composites

“…However, it is observed that fullerene may be considered as fascinating reinforcements in comparison to CNT or graphene due to their zero-dimensional structure of carbon molecules, which exist in the form of spherical, tube shape and ellipsoid. The fullerene related to C 60 is called Bucky ball or Buckminster fullerene spherical in shape, which corresponds to a soccer ball [49,[54][55][56]. The carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [57][58][59][60][61] a new allotrope of carbon is normally thin hollow cylindrical fullerene structure in the diameter of nano-scale range and little micron length with significant properties.…”

“…The contemporary demand for the development of lightweight hybrid composite materials with high specific strength, stiffness and improved tribological performance for end used applicability in the areas of aerospace and automotive industries [49,56,68]. During the past few times, fullerene and fullerene-based composites have been synthesized and used in various applications particularly in the thin films, organic polymers and hybrid organic-inorganic composites in the field of microelectronics [68].…”

“…During the past few times, fullerene and fullerene-based composites have been synthesized and used in various applications particularly in the thin films, organic polymers and hybrid organic-inorganic composites in the field of microelectronics [68]. There are various established techniques for the preparation of fullerene-based hybrid composites including solid-state reaction technique, liquid state techniques, deposition and spraying technique [56]. Rafiee et al [69] have fabricated fullerene reinforced epoxy composites with various concentrations of filler content.…”