Fabricating optical lenses by inkjet printing and heat-assisted<i>in situ</i>curing of polydimethylsiloxane for smartphone microscopy

Sung, Y. S.; Jeang, Jenn; Lee, Chia-Hsiung; Shih, Wei-Chuan

doi:10.1117/1.jbo.20.4.047005

Cited by 91 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Although free Internet atlases of static histological images are important in terms of becoming familiar with the concept of microscopic anatomy, to teach histology/histopathology, interactive cloud-based "Webmicroscope" servers started to be used only 5-10 years ago (Brisbourne et al 202;Lundin et al 2004;Scoville et al 2007;Pinder et al 2008;Husmann et al 2009;Dee 2009;Gona et al 2012;Sung et al 2015). Following this international trend in histology education, we changed our classical, static-glass-slide-based and teacher-focused style of sharing information in 2016 to a new IT-and cloud-based system using WEBMICROSCOPE ® software combined with studentfocused teaching methods.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Student-focused virtual histology education: Do new scenarios and digital technology matter?

Felszeghy¹,

Pasonen‐Seppänen²,

Koskela³

et al. 2017

MedEdPublish

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Innovative changes have become a critical part of teaching when resources are limited. In this study, we examined whether the studentoriented teaching method, when powered by virtual microscopy, improves histology learning compared to traditional microscope-based studies. Anonymous and voluntary post-course surveys were administered to students and essays were processed for content analysis. Google Analytics was used to obtain accurate Internet usage monitoring for WEBMICROSCOPE®. Using SPSS statistics, the examination scores for 2016 were compared to those of previous year, when the course was taught with a traditional-microscope-based model. The results demonstrated that the new teaching scenario was an effective tool, based on the mean examination scores in 2016 compared to the identical groups in 2015. The survey analysis showed that the students benefited more from using WEBMICROSCOPE® and that they frequently gained access to the Web server when they were not in class. The new scenario helped clarify the concept of histology for most of the students and was generally appreciated during teamwork-based histology classes. Students perceived that the use of the digital technology significantly influenced their confidence in learning the fundamentals of histology. In addition, changing to the new teaching scenario powered by WEBMICROSCOPE® improved the students' motivation to participate in discussions and better understand the concept of Histology between the 2015 and 2016 academic years. Finally, these changes all had a positive impact on the students' attention and satisfaction.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Student-focused virtual histology education: Do new scenarios and digital technology matter?

Felszeghy¹,

Pasonen‐Seppänen²,

Koskela³

et al. 2017

MedEdPublish

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“…Inverted microscopes work well with a wide range of samples, including cell cultures and microtomed specimens. As our primary aim has been to develop the mechanical platform, there are many opportunities for improvement that we intend to pursue, for example, adding fluorescence imaging, using a better low-cost lens, 24 or enhancing the resolution. 25 …”

Section: Opticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A one-piece 3D printed flexure translation stage for open-source microscopy

Sharkey

Foo

Kabla

et al. 2016

Review of Scientific Instruments

124

112

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Open source hardware has the potential to revolutionise the way we build scientific instruments; with the advent of readily-available 3D printers, mechanical designs can now be shared, improved and replicated faster and more easily than ever before. However, printed parts are typically plastic and often perform poorly compared to traditionally machined mechanisms. We have overcome many of the limitations of 3D printed mechanisms by exploiting the compliance of the plastic to produce a monolithic 3D printed flexure translation stage, capable of sub-micron-scale motion over a range of 8×8×4 mm. This requires minimal post-print cleanup, and can be automated with readily-available stepper motors. The resulting plastic composite structure is very stiff and exhibits remarkably low drift, moving less than 20 µm over the course of a week, without temperature stabilisation. This enables us to construct a miniature microscope with excellent mechanical stability, perfect for timelapse measurements in situ in an incubator or fume hood. The ease of manufacture lends itself to use in containment facilities where disposability is advantageous, and to experiments requiring many microscopes in parallel. High performance mechanisms based on printed flexures need not be limited to microscopy, and we anticipate their use in other devices both within the laboratory and beyond.

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“…In the visible region, examples of successfully manufactured optical components include light guides, transparent windows, fibers, opto-electo-mechanical sensors and small lenses [24, 26, 28]. Recent attempts to create simple lenses using inkjet-like printing technology resulted in the synthesis of small (<7mm) flexible lenses that can be attached to smartphones and potentially used for microscopy applications [31]. However, the size of lenses manufactured using this technique is limited by surface tension to diameters on the order of millimeters, with little control of surface geometry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative evaluation of performance of three-dimensional printed lenses

2017

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We present an analysis of the shape, surface quality, and imaging capabilities of custom 3D printed lenses. 3D printing technology enables lens prototypes to be fabricated without restrictions on surface geometry. Thus, spherical, aspherical and rotationally non-symmetric lenses can be manufactured in an integrated production process. This technique serves as a noteworthy alternative to multistage, labor-intensive, abrasive processes such as grinding, polishing and diamond turning. Here, we evaluate the quality of lenses fabricated by Luxexcel using patented Printoptical© technology that is based on an inkjet printing technique by comparing them to lenses made with traditional glass processing technologies (grinding, polishing etc.). The surface geometry and roughness of the lenses were evaluated using white-light and Fizeau interferometers. We have compared peak-to-valley wavefront deviation, root-mean-squared wavefront error, radii of curvature and the arithmetic average of the roughness profile (Ra) of plastic and glass lenses. Additionally, the imaging performance of selected pairs of lenses was tested using 1951 USAF resolution target. The results indicate performance of 3D printed optics that could be manufactured with surface roughness comparable to that of injection molded lenses (Ra < 20 nm). The RMS wavefront error of 3D printed prototypes was at a minimum 18.8 times larger than equivalent glass prototypes for a lens with a 12.7 mm clear aperture, but when measured within 63% of its clear aperture, 3D printed components’ RMS wavefront error was comparable to glass lenses.

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Fabricating optical lenses by inkjet printing and heat-assistedin situcuring of polydimethylsiloxane for smartphone microscopy

Cited by 91 publications

References 15 publications

Student-focused virtual histology education: Do new scenarios and digital technology matter?

Student-focused virtual histology education: Do new scenarios and digital technology matter?

A one-piece 3D printed flexure translation stage for open-source microscopy

Quantitative evaluation of performance of three-dimensional printed lenses

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