F2-isoprostanes in Fish mucus: A new, non-invasive method for analyzing a biomarker of oxidative stress

Kynurenine to tryptophan ratio as a biomarker of acute stress in fish

“…There were no statistical differences (p ˃ 0.05) in the concentrations of cortisol in brain tissue amongst the fish in the baseline group (t=0 hr) and the fish in either of the control groups, indicating the controls did not show a stress-response. The decrease in cortisol induction between 4-and 48-hrs stress exposure groups is consistent with the literature as other studies have shown that plasma cortisol returns to baseline values approximately 4-hrs post stress exposure Javed et al, 2017;Bulloch et al, 2020). The time difference between the peak plasma cortisol levels and peak tissue concentration is likely due the time needed to distribute and regulate cortisol throughout the rainbow trout tissues, as well as the amount of the available and active cortisol (unbound cortisol) present in the circulating plasma.…”

Epidermal mucus as a potential biological matrix for fish health analysis

“…high-molecular-weight glycoproteins (~ 106 kDa) (Subramanian et al, 2008), lysozyme (Abolfathi et al, 2020), alkaline phosphatase Dash et al, 2018), immunoglobulin (Salinas, 2015), complement proteins (Salinas, 2015;Magnadóttir et al, 2019), lectins (Cordero et al, 2016), agglutinin, interferon, vitellogenin (Gobi et al, 2018), proteolytic enzymes, various types of proteases including trypsins, metalloproteases and cathepsin (Dash et al, 2018) and some antimicrobial proteins and antimicrobial peptides that protect fish against pathogenic invasion (Abolfathi et al, 2020). Epidermal mucus also contains calmodulin (Patel and Brinchmann, 2017), crinotoxins (Reverter et al, 2018), pheromone (Bulloch et al, 2020), cytokines, acutephase proteins, carbonic anhydrase, hemolysin (Dang et al, 2020), serotransferrin, heat shock proteins, superoxide dismutase (Xiong et al, 2020), and pentraxins (Magnadóttir et al, 2019).…”

“…F2-isoprostanes (F2-isoPs) is also a reliable biochemical biomarker for oxidative stress responses in Salvelinus namaycush exposed to heavy metal pollutants. The levels of these compounds are measured in the liver and plasma, which could kill the fish, but because of social pressure and environmental conservation, a non-invasive method using fish epidermal mucus is used to analyze oxidative stress biomarkers (Bulloch et al, 2020). Fernández-Montero et al (2020) stated that there is a positive correlation between plasma cortisol levels and cortisol levels in the epidermal mucus of Seriola dumili that were stressed due to temperature factors, stress management, and fasting.…”

Effects of thermal stress and hypoxia on skin mucus immune and stress responses in blue gourami ( Trichogaster trichopterus ) cultured in intensive recirculation aquaculture system and semi‐intensive systems

“…Many immune agents, that is lysozyme, protease, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), cathepsin B, antibacterial and complement proteins, are activated in skin mucus of fish (Abolfathi et al, 2020;Palaksha et al, 2008;Subramanian et al, 2007;Vennila et al, 2011). The effects of the environmental conditions, that is thermal fluctuations, acidity, salinity and oxygen capacity, on the skin mucosal agents of fish are well documented (Bulloch et al, 2020;Carbajal et al, 2019;Seriani et al, 2015). Skin mucus quantity and immune components could vary among species, age or environmental influences (Narvaez et al, 2010;Sanahuja et al, 2019;Vennila et al, 2011).…”