F2-isoprostanes as an indicator and risk factor for coronary heart disease

Abstract

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading single cause of death in the United States and most Western countries, killing more than 400,000 Americans per year. Although CHD often manifests suddenly as a fatal myocardial infarction, the atherosclerosis that gives rise to the infarction develops gradually and can be markedly slowed or even reversed through pharmacological and lifestyle interventions. These same atherosclerotic processes also drive related vascular diseases such as stroke and peripheral artery disease, and individuals surviving occlusive events often develop additional complications including ischemic cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Therefore, better detection of subclinical atherosclerosis, along with more effective treatments, could significantly reduce the rate of death from CHD and related vascular diseases in the United States. In recent years, oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in plasma lipoproteins has been postulate to be a critical step in the development atherosclerosis. If so, then monitoring lipid peroxidation should be a useful indicator of disease risk and progression. This review will focus on the evidence that specific PUFA peroxidation products, the F 2-isoprostanes, are useful biomarkers that could potentially be utilized as indicators of CHD.

F2-isoprostanes are correlated with trans fatty acids in the plasma of pregnant women

“…F 2 -isoprostanes (F 2 -isoPs) are reliable markers of oxidative stress known to be associated to coronary heart diseases [18,19], hypercholesterolemia [20], inflammatory diseases [21], endothelial dysfunctions [22,23] and even pregnancy [24][25][26][27]. The 8-iso-PGF 2α has been the most studied isomer so far [28].…”

Oxidative stress: New insights on the association of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and atherosclerosis

“…For example, in patients with familial or polygenic hypercholesterolemia, statin treatment was associated with a parallel decrease of serum cholesterol and urinary 8-iso-PGF2α values [72,73] . Accordingly, in patients with MetS who had lost at least 5% of their initial weight, a decrease in serum NOX2-dp and urinary 8-iso-PGF2α levels was found, with concomitant increase in the levels of antioxidant molecules such as vitamin E (α-tocopherol) and adiponectin [74] .…”

Coronary Artery Disease and Oxidative Stress

“…Paraoxanase-1 possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and protect against atherogenesis, and for this, can be associated with the action of HDL (Jayakumari & Thejaseebai, 2009). The measurement of F 2 -isoprostanes (a prostaglandin-like compound formed from radical catalyzed peroxidation of fatty acids, like arachidonic acid, without the direct action of enzymes) has emerged as one of most sensitive and reliable biomarkers of lipid peroxidation in vivo (Davies & Roberts, 2011). As previously indicated, damage to proteins by ROS produces carbonyls and other amino acid modifications.…”

“…Although some of these may indeed arise from oxidation of LDL, they could equally derive from oxidation of lipids at other sites and that oxidation may or may not parallel the rate at which LDL itself is undergoing oxidative modification (Witztum & Steinberg, 2001). Some of these proatherogenic effects of ox-LDL could also be induced by organic phase extracts of ox-LDL, suggesting that oxidized lipids themselves were proatherogenics, in addition to oxidatively modified ApoB (Davies & Roberts, 2011).…”

“…These oxidation products create proinflammatory mediators that drive a chronic inflammatory state, such as isoprostanes. It is important to know that well-established risk factors as causes of cardiovascular disease may have lipid peroxidation as part of its mechanism, such as smoking and diabetes (Davies and Roberts, 2011). Therefore, the evidence shows us clearly that hypercholesterolemia plus other risk factors increase the disease process and progression.…”