Eyelid Squint Response to Asthenopia-Inducing Conditions

Gowrisankaran, Sowjanya; Sheedy, James E.; Hayes, John R.

doi:10.1097/opx.0b013e3180dc99be

Cited by 46 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…It has also been shown that low contrast and small font resulted in eyelid squint and reduced blink rate 27. Other studies have reported a reduction in blink rate as the level of required concentration and cognitive demands increased when performing different visual tasks 18,28.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Changes in blink rate and ocular symptoms during different reading tasks

Abusharha¹

2017

OPTO

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BackgroundReading from tablets is fundamental to modern culture. This study measured differences in the blink rate and symptoms of ocular discomfort in healthy participants during reading from a tablet and a paper book.MethodsForty healthy, normal males subjects were recruited for this study. Subjects were video recorded during reading a text presented on an electronic device (9.7 inch tablet) and a hard copy format, for 15 min. Ocular discomfort experienced during reading was scored using a visual analog scale. Each participant was examined performing one of the two tasks (randomized) on one visit and the other on a separate visit (crossover design). All subjects were evaluated before the reading tasks and every 5 min during 15 min of reading.ResultsThe mean ± standard deviation blink rate was 19.74 ± 9.12/min at baseline. The blink rate decreased significantly under both reading conditions (to 11.35 ± 10.20 and 14.93 ± 10.90/min when reading from a book and a tablet, respectively). There was no significant difference in the blink rate over 15 min during either type of reading. The mean discomfort symptom scores were 148 for the book and 134 for the tablet; both were significantly higher than baseline. A gradual increase in symptoms was found every 5 min during both types of reading.ConclusionThe study confirmed that both the blink rate and ocular discomfort symptoms were strongly affected during performance of close visual tasks. Both reading conditions affected blinking; this may interfere with tear film dynamics. Such effects were reflected in the immediate development of ocular symptoms, which increased significantly during both types of reading.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Changes in blink rate and ocular symptoms during different reading tasks

Abusharha¹

2017

OPTO

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“…These authors hypothesized that the change in inter‐blink duration during the course of VDT operation represented cognitive adaptation to the computer task. Further, no significant correlation was observed between clinical measurements of the ocular tear film (tear breakup time, Schirmer I or Jones tests) and the observed blink rate during computer operation.It has also been reported that blink rate decreases as font size and contrast are reduced, 70 or the cognitive demand of the task increases 71,72 . Additionally, Sheedy et al.…”

Section: Cvs and Dry Eyementioning

confidence: 95%

“…It has also been reported that blink rate decreases as font size and contrast are reduced, 70 or the cognitive demand of the task increases 71,72 . Additionally, Sheedy et al.…”

Section: Cvs and Dry Eyementioning

confidence: 95%

Computer vision syndrome: a review of ocular causes and potential treatments

Rosenfield

2011

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

515

405

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Computer vision syndrome (CVS) is the combination of eye and vision problems associated with the use of computers. In modern western society the use of computers for both vocational and avocational activities is almost universal. However, CVS may have a significant impact not only on visual comfort but also occupational productivity since between 64% and 90% of computer users experience visual symptoms which may include eyestrain, headaches, ocular discomfort, dry eye, diplopia and blurred vision either at near or when looking into the distance after prolonged computer use. This paper reviews the principal ocular causes for this condition, namely oculomotor anomalies and dry eye. Accommodation and vergence responses to electronic screens appear to be similar to those found when viewing printed materials, whereas the prevalence of dry eye symptoms is greater during computer operation. The latter is probably due to a decrease in blink rate and blink amplitude, as well as increased corneal exposure resulting from the monitor frequently being positioned in primary gaze. However, the efficacy of proposed treatments to reduce symptoms of CVS is unproven. A better understanding of the physiology underlying CVS is critical to allow more accurate diagnosis and treatment. This will enable practitioners to optimize visual comfort and efficiency during computer operation.

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“…However, these 3 testing conditions varied not only in the method of presentation, but also in task format. It has been noted that blink rate decreases as font size and contrast are reduced (Gowrisankaran, Sheedy, & Hayes, 2007), or the cognitive demand of the task increases (Cardona, Garć ia, Serés, Vilaseca, & Gispets, 2011;Himebaugh, Begley, Bradley, & Wilkinson, 2009;Jansen, Begley, Himebaugh, & Port, 2010 observed by Tsubota and Nakamori may be related to changes in task difficulty, rather than being a consequence of changing from printed material to an electronic display. Indeed, a recent study in our laboratory compared blink rates when reading identical text from a desktop computer screen versus hardcopy printed materials (Chu, Rosenfield, & Portello, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%