Eyelid conditioning as a function of the CS-US interval.

McAllister, Wallace R.

doi:10.1037/h0059534

Cited by 76 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Even though the long-to-long group already had 100 trials of training in the initial long learning phase, their timing was further from the US in the second long phase, in contrast to the group that was shifted to the short ISI. This indicates that the short ISI produced better timing relative to the US than did the long ISI, and this result is consistent with conclusions from prior studies that the 200-to 500-ms CS range produces optimal conditioning in humans, as compared to ISIs that fall outside of this range (McAllister, 1953).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…Previous studies examining multiple ISI durations found that the optimal ISI lies approximately between 200 and 500 ms in both nonhuman mammals (Coleman & Gormezano, 1971;Gormezano et al, 1962;Schneiderman, 1966;Schneiderman & Gormezano, 1964;Smith, 1968;Smith, Coleman, & Gormezano, 1969) and humans (McAllister, 1953). Accordingly, in the present study the short ISI (350 ms) was within an optimal range, whereas the long ISI (850 ms) was not.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 40%

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Evaluation of bidirectional interstimulus interval (ISI) shift in auditory delay eye-blink conditioning in healthy humans

et al. 2011

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Delay eye-blink conditioning is an associative learning task that can be utilized to probe the functional integrity of the cerebellum and related neural circuits. Typically, a single interstimulus interval (ISI) is utilized, and the amplitude of the conditioned response (CR) is the primary dependent variable. To study the timing of the CR, an ISI shift can be introduced (e.g., shifting the ISI from 350 to 850 ms). In each phase, a conditioned stimulus (e.g., a 400-or 900-ms tone) coterminates with a 50-ms corneal air puff unconditioned stimulus. The ability of a subject to adjust the CR to the changing ISI constitutes a critical timing shift. The feasibility of this procedure was examined in healthy human participants (N = 58) using a bidirectional ISI shift procedure while cortical event-related brain potentials were measured. CR acquisition was faster and the responses better timed when a short ISI was used. After the ISI shift, additional training was necessary to allow asymptotic responding at the new ISI. Interestingly, auditory event-related potentials to the CR were not associated with conditioning measures at either ISI.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 40%

Evaluation of bidirectional interstimulus interval (ISI) shift in auditory delay eye-blink conditioning in healthy humans

et al. 2011

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“…Presumably, acetylcholine released from basal forebrain cells causes sequentially focused attention upon these two associable representations; each representation would be selectively attended for approximately one half second corresponding to the ®ring cycles of cholinergic neurons (for further discussion, see Section 2.1 and Woolf, 1996a). The time frame posited here is consistent with the long-standing observation that 250±500 msec intervals between the CS and US produce optimal conditioning (McAllister, 1943;McAdam et al, 1965). In this time frame, one associable representation would immediately follow the other; in other words, the two representations would be temporally successive.…”

Section: Amygdalar Nuclei Resemble Modulessupporting

confidence: 68%

A structural basis for memory storage in mammals

Woolf

1998

Progress in Neurobiology

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AbstractÐIt is proposed that altered dendrite length and de novo formation of new dendrite branches in cholinoceptive cells are responsible for long-term memory storage, a process enabled by the degradation of microtubule-associated protein-2. These memories are encoded as modality-speci®c associable representations. Accordingly, associable representations are con®ned to cytoarchitectonic modules of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala. The proposed sequence of events leading to long-term storage in cholinoceptive dendrites begins with changes in neuronal activity, then in neurotrophin release, followed by enhanced acetylcholine release, muscarinic response, calcium in¯ux, degradation of microtubule-associated protein-2, and ®nally new dendrite structure. Hypothetically, each associable representation consists of altered dendrite segments from approximately 5000±15 000 cholinoceptive cells contained within one or a few module(s). Simultaneous restructuring during consolidation of long-term memory is hypothesized to result in a similar infrastructure among dendrite sets, facilitating co-activation of those dendrite sets by neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, and conceivably enabling high energy interactions between those dendrites by phenomena such as quantum optical coherence. Based on the speci®c architecture proposed, it is estimated that the human telencephalon contains enough dendrites to encode 50 million associable representations in a lifetime, or put another way, to encode one new associable representation each minute. The implications that this proposal has regarding treatments for Alzheimer's disease are also discussed. #

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“…* indicates signifi cant difference (p < 0.05) compared to hypothetical value of 0.5 (i.e., no preference). ulus interval have been as varied as eye-blink conditioning in humans (McAllister, 1953), aversive conditioning in goldfi sh (Bitterman, 1964), key-peck autoshaping in pigeons (Gibbon et al, 1977), context fear conditioning in rats (Bevins and Ayres, 1995), nicotine-conditioned hyperactivity in rats , and ethanol place conditioning in mice (Cunningham et al, 1997). The present research extended this list to include place conditioning with IV administered nicotine.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%