Eye-Tracking in Immersive Virtual Reality for Education: A Review of the Current Progress and Applications

Mikhailenko, Maria; Maksimenko, Nadezhda; Kurushkin, Mikhail

doi:10.3389/feduc.2022.697032

Cited by 20 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 113 publications

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“…Finally, we did not collect eye-tracking data. Eyetracking technology supports the direct and objective recording of learners' eye movements in real-time, allowing visual attentional processes to be observed, quantified, and analyzed [103][104][105][106][107]. Previous educational psychology studies commonly used eyetrackers to explore learners' attention, such as using an eye-tracker to analyze instructor presence in video lectures [108].…”

Section: Limitations and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Confused or not: decoding brain activity and recognizing confusion in reasoning learning using EEG

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2023

J. Neural Eng.

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Objective: Confusion is the primary epistemic emotion in the learning process, influencing students' engagement and whether they become frustrated or bored. However, research on confusion in learning is still in its early stages, and there is a need to better understand how to recognize it and what EEG signals indicate its occurrence. The present work investigates confusion during reasoning learning using EEG, and aims to fill this gap with a multidisciplinary approach combining educational psychology, neuroscience and computer science. Approach: First, we design an experiment to actively and accurately induce confusion in reasoning. Second, we propose a subjective and objective joint labeling technique to address the label noise issue. Third, to confirm that the confused state can be distinguished from the non-confused state, we compare and analyze the mean band power of confused and unconfused states across five typical bands. Finally, we present an EEG database for confusion analysis, together with benchmark results from conventional (Naive Bayes, SVM, Random Forest, and ANN) and end-to-end (LSTM, ResNet, and EEGNet) machine learning methods.Main results: Findings revealed: 1. Significant differences in the power of delta, theta, alpha, beta and lower gamma between confused and non-confused conditions; 2. A higher attentional and cognitive load when participants were confused; and 3. The Random Forest algorithm with time-domain features achieved a high accuracy/F1 score (88.06%/0.88 for the subject-dependent approach and 84.43%/0.84 for the subject-independent approach) in the binary classification of the confused and non-confused states.Significance: The study advances our understanding of confusion and provides practical insights for recognizing and analyzing it in the learning process. It extends existing theories on the differences between confused and non-confused states during learning and contributes to the cognitive-affective model. The research enables researchers, educators, and practitioners to monitor confusion, develop adaptive systems, and test recognition approaches.

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Section: Limitations and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Confused or not: decoding brain activity and recognizing confusion in reasoning learning using EEG

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2023

J. Neural Eng.

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“…[41], [42], [11], [43], [12], [44], [13], [45], [14], [15] Movil This set of articles proposes the use of mobile technologies to improve teaching, based on ease of access to information by connecting with other networks and external services, better understanding, and simple and compact use of technology.…”

Section: Categories Themes and Functionality Referencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Information Technologies that Help Improve Academic Performance, A Review of the Literature

Gordillo-Tenorio

Meléndez-Flores

Sierra-Liñan

et al. 2023

Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Learn.

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Currently in the world the use of technology is increasing and even more so in the time of Covid-19, when digitization is vital, essentially in education, more technological tools are being used to improve academic performance and learning. The study that was carried out is a review of the scientific literature, 127 articles were collected from the different databases; IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, EBSCO, Scielo, and Scopus. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the systematization used, only 53 have been used, allowing the identification of technologies that improve the academic performance of different students around the world.

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“…The progressive technical development enables the integration of ET in HMDs, which facilitates an easy method to analyze gaze behavior within virtual environments [16,59]. By enabling the synchronization of both systems, attractive and innovative ideas came up to expand the gaze behavior analysis in previously not realizable situations and to ensure higher sophisticated immersion of virtual environments.…”

Section: Eye-tracking In Virtual Realitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of eye-tracking systems integrated into immersive virtual reality and possible transfer to the sports sector - A systematic review

Pastel

Marlok

Bandow

et al. 2022

Multimed Tools Appl

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In recent years, Virtual Reality (VR) has become a valuable tool in rehabilitation and sports training applications. New technologies offer opportunities to combine various systems and use them for sports-related scientific purposes. For instance, examining the visual perception of athletes within a standardized environment could be helpful to understand the differences between novices and experts in their visual behavior and could further reveal possible training applications for enhancing athletes’ visual attention. The current systematic literature review thematizes the importance of eye-tracking (ET) systems’ usage integrated into head-mounted displays (HMDs) in virtual environments for further inclusion in sports-related usage. An overview of possible implementations is given, and additional recommendations for using the combined technic regarding sports are made. Although only one study examined gaze behavior during sports activity within a standardized virtual environment, 38 relevant papers were identified using the ET systems integrated into the HMDs, which ideas can be transferred to the sports sector. The increased usability and fidelity in the virtual environment enabled through the combined technology were illustrated, and different approaches were listed in using and calculating gaze parameters. This literature review examines the possibility of integrating ET in VR, which can be further used to improve usability, interaction methods, image presentation, and visual perception analyses within future physical training scenarios. The compiled studies have shown that the existing methods are feasible due to the performance of the integrated ET systems but still need to be improved for practical use.

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Eye-Tracking in Immersive Virtual Reality for Education: A Review of the Current Progress and Applications

Cited by 20 publications

References 113 publications

Confused or not: decoding brain activity and recognizing confusion in reasoning learning using EEG

Confused or not: decoding brain activity and recognizing confusion in reasoning learning using EEG

Information Technologies that Help Improve Academic Performance, A Review of the Literature

Application of eye-tracking systems integrated into immersive virtual reality and possible transfer to the sports sector - A systematic review

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