Eye-on-a-chip (EOC) models and their role in the future of ophthalmic drug discovery

Peng, Zhiting; Zhou, Liangyu; Wong, Jasper Ka Wai; Chan, Yau Kei

doi:10.1080/17469899.2020.1788388

Cited by 15 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…OOC technology has been used to create numerous organ models, and the number of these models is increasing daily [280,281]. The vagina-on-chip (VOG) [282], to model the female reproductive system, and the eye-on-chip (EOC) [283] for drug trials in eye diseases are some of the most interesting new OOC models [284]. VOGs investigate changes in cells due to metabolic activities and also make observations of hormonal and chemical treatments on fertility [285].…”

Section: Single Organ Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Fabrication of Organ-on-Chips: Promises and Challenges

Tajeddin

Mustafaoğlu

2021

Micromachines

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The advent of the miniaturization approach has influenced the research trends in almost all disciplines. Bioengineering is one of the fields benefiting from the new possibilities of microfabrication techniques, especially in cell and tissue culture, disease modeling, and drug discovery. The limitations of existing 2D cell culture techniques, the high time and cost requirements, and the considerable failure rates have led to the idea of 3D cell culture environments capable of providing physiologically relevant tissue functions in vitro. Organ-on-chips are microfluidic devices used in this context as a potential alternative to in vivo animal testing to reduce the cost and time required for drug evaluation. This emerging technology contributes significantly to the development of various research areas, including, but not limited to, tissue engineering and drug discovery. However, it also brings many challenges. Further development of the technology requires interdisciplinary studies as some problems are associated with the materials and their manufacturing techniques. Therefore, in this paper, organ-on-chip technologies are presented, focusing on the design and fabrication requirements. Then, state-of-the-art materials and microfabrication techniques are described in detail to show their advantages and also their limitations. A comparison and identification of gaps for current use and further studies are therefore the subject of the final discussion.

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Section: Single Organ Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Fabrication of Organ-on-Chips: Promises and Challenges

Tajeddin

Mustafaoğlu

2021

Micromachines

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“… 220 Such studies highlight how microfluidic platforms can be physiologically representative in vitro ocular models, and relate to choroid neovascularisation. 221 Yeste et al 36 developed a novel microfluidic device whereby cells are arranged in parallel compartments but are highly interconnected through a grid of microgrooves located under the cells. They co-cultured primary human retinal endothelial cells, a human neuroblastoma cell line and a human RPE cell line to model the tissue-tissue interface of the retinal blood-barrier.…”

Section: Is Retina-on Chip Technology On the Horizon?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regeneration of the retinal structure is a promising and foreseeable, yet unestablished treatment strategy for retinal diseases. 221 The differentiation and maturation of all the retinal cell types together with the development of their synaptic connections, is necessary for functional retinal regeneration. However, although microfluidic technologies have been extensively used to explore different aspects tackling retinal regeneration in vitro, none have presently aimed for the reconstruction of a full functional retina.…”

Section: Is Retina-on Chip Technology On the Horizon?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Tissue engineering of the retina: from organoids to microfluidic chips

2021

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Despite advancements in tissue engineering, challenges remain for fabricating functional tissues that incorporate essential features including vasculature and complex cellular organisation. Monitoring of engineered tissues also raises difficulties, particularly when cell population maturity is inherent to function. Microfluidic, or lab-on-a-chip, platforms address the complexity issues of conventional 3D models regarding cell numbers and functional connectivity. Regulation of biochemical/biomechanical conditions can create dynamic structures, providing microenvironments that permit tissue formation while quantifying biological processes at a single cell level. Retinal organoids provide relevant cell numbers to mimic in vivo spatiotemporal development, where conventional culture approaches fail. Modern bio-fabrication techniques allow for retinal organoids to be combined with microfluidic devices to create anato-physiologically accurate structures or ‘ retina-on-a-chip’ devices that could revolution ocular sciences. Here we present a focussed review of retinal tissue engineering, examining the challenges and how some of these have been overcome using organoids, microfluidics, and bioprinting technologies.

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“…In addition to typical organ models discussed above, OOC devices integrated with mechanical strain stimulation also enable the establishment of other highly reprinted functional artificial organs and specific disease screening models. For example, as the alternative for animal models, eye-on-a-chip is expected to reconstitute human eye physiology and anatomy for developing therapeutic strategies of human eye diseases such as dry-eye syndromes and macular degeneration [ 90 ]. Recently, Seo et al proposed a reverse engineering eye-on-a-chip system using human corneal and conjunctional cells within a biomimetic physiological culture microenvironment [ 91 ].…”

Section: Other Organ-on-a-chip Platformsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical Strain-Enabled Reconstitution of Dynamic Environment in Organ-on-a-Chip Platforms: A Review

et al. 2021

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Organ-on-a-chip (OOC) uses the microfluidic 3D cell culture principle to reproduce organ- or tissue-level functionality at a small scale instead of replicating the entire human organ. This provides an alternative to animal models for drug development and environmental toxicology screening. In addition to the biomimetic 3D microarchitecture and cell–cell interactions, it has been demonstrated that mechanical stimuli such as shear stress and mechanical strain significantly influence cell behavior and their response to pharmaceuticals. Microfluidics is capable of precisely manipulating the fluid of a microenvironment within a 3D cell culture platform. As a result, many OOC prototypes leverage microfluidic technology to reproduce the mechanically dynamic microenvironment on-chip and achieve enhanced in vitro functional organ models. Unlike shear stress that can be readily generated and precisely controlled using commercial pumping systems, dynamic systems for generating proper levels of mechanical strains are more complicated, and often require miniaturization and specialized designs. As such, this review proposes to summarize innovative microfluidic OOC platforms utilizing mechanical actuators that induce deflection of cultured cells/tissues for replicating the dynamic microenvironment of human organs.

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Eye-on-a-chip (EOC) models and their role in the future of ophthalmic drug discovery

Cited by 15 publications

References 28 publications

Design and Fabrication of Organ-on-Chips: Promises and Challenges

Design and Fabrication of Organ-on-Chips: Promises and Challenges

Tissue engineering of the retina: from organoids to microfluidic chips

Mechanical Strain-Enabled Reconstitution of Dynamic Environment in Organ-on-a-Chip Platforms: A Review

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