Eye Movements during Visuomotor Adaptation Represent Only Part of the Explicit Learning

Bromberg, Zohar; Donchin, Opher; Haar, Shlomi

doi:10.1523/eneuro.0308-19.2019

Cited by 17 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(58 reference statements)

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“…Differences in adaptation between reporting and non-reporting groups have been reported previously (Taylor, Krakauer et al 2014, Bromberg, Donchin et al 2019.…”

Section: Methods Mattermentioning

confidence: 52%

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Methods matter: your measures of explicit and implicit processes in visuomotor adaptation affect your results

Maresch

Werner

Donchin

2019

Preprint

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Visuomotor rotations are frequently used to study cognitive processes underlying motor adaptation.Explicit aiming strategies and implicit recalibration are two of these processes. A large body of literature indicates that these two processes are dissociable and perhaps even independent components. Various direct and indirect methods have been used to dissociate the two processes.Discrepancies have been found between these different methods. They may arise for different reasons, but one reason may be that the different measures reflect different components of explicit and implicit knowledge. They may also be because of effects of the measurements themselves on the amount of explicit and implicit learning. The goal of this study was to directly compare verbal reporting, a direct measure of explicit knowledge, with indirect measures. We thus compared three different measures in two different conditions: during consistent reporting and during intermittent reporting. Our results show that our two conditions lead to a dissociation between the measures. In the consistent reporting group, all measures showed similar results. However, in the intermittent reporting condition, verbal reporting showed less explicit and more implicit knowledge than our two indirect methods. Verbal reporting seems to be insensitive to the changes in explicit knowledge caused by reporting. These findings suggest that verbal reporting reflects different components of explicit knowledge than those reflected in our indirect measures. A more sophisticated approach, including multiple components of explicit knowledge, may be necessary in order to fully understand motor adaptation. New and noteworthyExplicit and implicit processes during adaptation to visuomotor rotations can be captured using different types of measures. Here, we show that different methods may capture different processes and moreover, measurement may confound estimates of explicit and implicit knowledge. We suggest that at least two explicit components -one that is verbalizable and the other controllable -exist which can be captured by using the report and the AI, respectively.Reporting affects explicit knowledge in visuomotor rotations

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“…Differences in adaptation between reporting and non-reporting groups have been reported previously (Taylor, Krakauer et al 2014, Bromberg, Donchin et al 2019.…”

Section: Methods Mattermentioning

confidence: 52%

“…The literature contains reports both of consistencies and inconsistencies between these measures (Taylor, Krakauer et al 2014, Bromberg, Donchin et al 2019. The fact that they can be inconsistent dovetails with recent proposals that explicit reaiming and implicit adaptation may both be composed of multiple components.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methods matter: your measures of explicit and implicit processes in visuomotor adaptation affect your results

Maresch

Werner

Donchin

2019

Preprint

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“…The literature contains reports both of consistencies and inconsistencies between these measures Bromberg, Donchin, & Haar, 2019;Leow, Gunn, Marinovic, & Carroll, 2017;Taylor et al, 2014). The fact that they can be inconsistent dovetails with recent proposals that explicit re-aiming and implicit adaptation may both be composed of multiple components.…”

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confidence: 99%

Methods matter: Your measures of explicit and implicit processes in visuomotor adaptation affect your results

Maresch

Werner

Donchin

2020

Eur J of Neuroscience

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Visuomotor rotations are frequently used to study the different processes underlying motor adaptation. Explicit aiming strategies and implicit recalibration are two of these processes. Various methods, which differ in their underlying assumptions, have been used to dissociate the two processes. Direct methods, such as verbal reports, assume explicit knowledge to be verbalizable, where indirect methods, such as the exclusion, assume that explicit knowledge is controllable. The goal of this study was thus to directly compare verbal reporting with exclusion in two different conditions: during consistent reporting and during intermittent reporting. Our results show that our two conditions lead to a dissociation between the measures. In the consistent reporting group, all measures showed similar results. However, in the intermittent reporting group, verbal reporting showed more explicit re‐aiming and less implicit adaptation than exclusion. Curiously, when exclusion was measured again, after the end of learning, the differences were no longer apparent. We suspect this may reflect selective decay in implicit adaptation, as has been reported previously. All told, our results clearly indicate that methods of measurement can affect the amount of explicit re‐aiming and implicit adaptation that is measured. Since it has been previously shown that both explicit re‐aiming and implicit adaptation have multiple components, discrepancies between these different methods may arise because different measures reflect different components.

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“…Alternatively, it can be a visual manipulation where the object that represents the subject's end effector is moving in a different direction, speed, or magnitude than the end effector itself, such as in visuomotor rotation adaptation [e.g. [5][6][7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Embodied virtual reality for the study of real-world motor learning

Haar

Sundar

Faisal

2020

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9Background: The motor learning literature focuses on relatively simple laboratory-tasks due to 10 their highly controlled manner and the ease to apply different manipulations to induce learning and 11 adaptation. In recent work we introduced a billiards paradigm and demonstrated the feasibility of 12 real-world neuroscience using wearables for naturalistic full-body motion tracking and mobile 13 brain imaging. Here we developed an embodied virtual reality (VR) environment to our real-world 14 billiards paradigm, which allows us to control the visual feedback for this complex real-world task, 15while maintaining the sense of embodiment. 16 Methods:The setup was validated by comparing real-world ball trajectories with the embodied VR 17 trajectories, calculated by the physics engine. We then ran our real-world learning protocol in the 18 embodied VR. 10 healthy human subjects played repeated trials of the same billiard shot when they 19 held the physical cue and hit a physical ball on the table while seeing it all in VR. 20 Results:We found comparable learning trends in the embodied VR to those we previously reported 21 in the real-world task. 22Conclusions: Embodied VR can be used for learning real-world tasks in a highly controlled VR 23 environment which enables applying visual manipulations, common in laboratory-tasks and in 24 rehabilitation, to a real-world full-body task. Such a setup can be used for rehabilitation, where the 25 use of VR is gaining popularity but the transfer to the real-world is currently limited, presumably, 26 due to the lack of embodiment. The embodied VR enables to manipulate feedback and apply 27 perturbations to isolate and assess interactions between specific motor learning components 28 mechanisms, thus enabling addressing the current questions of motor-learning in real-world tasks. 29 Background 32Motor skill learning is a key feature of our development and our daily lives, from a baby 33 learning to crawl, to an adult learning crafts or sports, or undergoing rehabilitation after an injury 34 or a stroke. It is a complex process, which involves movement in many degrees of freedom (DoF) 35and multiple learning mechanisms. Yet the majority of motor learning literature focuses on simple 36 lab-based tasks with limited DoF such as force-field adaptations [e.g. 1-4], visuomotor 37 perturbations [e.g. 5-9], and sequence-learning of finger tapping or pinching tasks [e.g. 10-13]. 38Real-world neuroscience approach studies neurobehavioral processes in natural behavioral settings 39 [14][15][16][17]. We recently presented a naturalistic real-world motor learning paradigm, using wearables 40 for full body motion tracking and EEG for mobile brain imaging, while making people perform 41 actual real-world tasks, such as playing the competitive sport of pool-table billiards [18,19]. We 42 showed that motor learning is a full body process that involves multiple learning mechanisms, and 43 different subjects might prefer one over the other. 44Now we want to introduce manipulations of real-world t...

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Eye Movements during Visuomotor Adaptation Represent Only Part of the Explicit Learning

Cited by 17 publications

References 40 publications

Methods matter: your measures of explicit and implicit processes in visuomotor adaptation affect your results

Methods matter: your measures of explicit and implicit processes in visuomotor adaptation affect your results

Methods matter: Your measures of explicit and implicit processes in visuomotor adaptation affect your results

Embodied virtual reality for the study of real-world motor learning

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