Eye movements during mental time travel follow a diagonal line

Hartmann, Matthias; Martarelli, Corinna S.; Mast, Fred W.; Stocker, Kurt

doi:10.1016/j.concog.2014.09.007

Cited by 55 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…In addition, the mental time line might be recruited to structure information in memory, and consequently influence information processing at a later stage, when the information is retrieved from memory (Saj et al, 2014). In a mental time travel task, we found that eye gaze shifted more rightward when participants thought about their personal future than when they thought about their past (Hartmann et al, 2014), thus we expect that eye gaze position will reflect a past-left and future-right association also during recall and recognition in this study.…”

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confidence: 70%

“…Insert Figure 1 about here Running head: MENTAL TIME LINE AND MEMORY Given that previous research investigating eye position on the screen during processing of time also found a vertical (up-down) projection of the mental time line (Hartmann et al, 2014;Stocker et al, 2015), we analyzed the vertical position of the eye during the three tasks. The analysis of the mean eye gaze position on the y-axis (vertical axis) revealed no significant result.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Noteworthy, in addition to "purely" leftward changes in eye gaze position, changes with an additional small downward component (around 15°) were also more frequent during past than during future trials, indicating that the past might be represented not only to the left but also slightly more downward (see also Hartmann et al, 2014;Stocker et al, 2015). …”

Section: Distribution Of Horizontal and Vertical Eye Gaze Position Chmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In cultures with a left-to-right reading habit, the mental time line is mapped over a horizontal axis, with past events on the left and future events on the right side (e.g. Casasanto & Jasmin, 2012;Flumini & Santiago, 2013;Hartmann, Martarelli, Mast, & Stocker, 2014;Ishihara, Keller, Rossetti, & Prinz, 2008;Ouellet, Santiago, Funes, & Lupiáñez, 2010;Santiago, Lupiáñez, Pérez, & Funes, 2007;Torralbo, Santiago, Lupiáñez, 2006;Weger & Pratt, 2008). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Loetscher, Bockisch, Nicholls, & Brugger, 2010) or the mental time line (Hartmann et al, 2014;Stocker, Hartmann, Martarelli, & Mast, 2015). These results can be interpreted in favor of the embodied cognition approach, according to which knowledge and meaning is grounded in sensorimotor experiences, and bodily activities constantly contribute to cognition (e.g., Barsalou, 2008;Glenberg, Witt, & Metcalfe, 2013).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Time in the eye of the beholder: Gaze position reveals spatial-temporal associations during encoding and memory retrieval of future and past

2016

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Time in the eye of the beholder: Gaze position reveals spatial-temporal associations during encoding and memory retrieval of future and past AbstractTime is grounded in various ways, and previous studies point to a "mental time line" with past associated with the left, and future with the right side. In this study, we investigated whether spontaneous eye movements on a blank screen would follow a mental time line during encoding, free recall, and recognition of past and future items. In all three stages of processing, gaze position was more rightward during future items compared to past items.Moreover, horizontal gaze position during encoding predicted horizontal gaze position during free recall and recognition. We conclude that mental time line and the stored gaze position during encoding assist memory retrieval of past vs. future items. Our findings highlight the spatial nature of temporal representations.

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confidence: 70%

Section: -------------------------------------------------mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Distribution Of Horizontal and Vertical Eye Gaze Position Chmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Time in the eye of the beholder: Gaze position reveals spatial-temporal associations during encoding and memory retrieval of future and past

2016

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Joint spatial–temporal association of response codes (STEARC) effect: Mental timelines embodied interpersonally

Ren,

Guo,

Wang

et al. 2023

PsyCh Journal

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A co‐action task was used to explore the effect of social interactions on temporal judgements, in comparison with an individual‐task condition. In Experiment 1, the co‐actors sat either individually (individual condition) or alongside a partner (joint condition) in front of a monitor and then responded to time‐related words (e.g. yesterday, tomorrow). In Experiment 2, co‐actors sat separately in front of two monitors and categorized the words either individually or jointly. Participants' response times to past‐ and future‐related words in the individual conditions of both experiments had no significant difference. However, in the joint conditions, the responses were faster when the past‐time words were mapped toward the participants on the left than when future‐time words were mapped toward them. Our data support the existence of a specific mapping between past‐time–left space and future‐time–right space. This suggests that the two cooperators probably shared a similar mental timeline.

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Counting is a spatial process: evidence from eye movements

Hartmann

Mast

Fischer

2015

Psychological Research

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Spatial-numerical associations (small numbers-left/lower space and large numbers-right/upper space) are regularly found in simple number categorization tasks. These associations were taken as evidence for a spatially oriented mental number line. However, the role of spatial-numerical associations during more complex number processing, such as counting or mental arithmetic is less clear. Here, we investigated whether counting is associated with a movement along the mental number line. Participants counted aloud upward or downward in steps of 3 for 45 s while looking at a blank screen. Gaze position during upward counting shifted rightward and upward, while the pattern for downward counting was less clear. Our results, therefore, confirm the hypothesis of a movement along the mental number line for addition. We conclude that space is not only used to represent number magnitudes but also to actively operate on numbers in more complex tasks such as counting, and that the eyes reflect this spatial mental operation.

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Eye movements during mental time travel follow a diagonal line

Cited by 55 publications

References 56 publications

Time in the eye of the beholder: Gaze position reveals spatial-temporal associations during encoding and memory retrieval of future and past

Time in the eye of the beholder: Gaze position reveals spatial-temporal associations during encoding and memory retrieval of future and past

Joint spatial–temporal association of response codes (STEARC) effect: Mental timelines embodied interpersonally

Counting is a spatial process: evidence from eye movements

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