Eye-Movements and the Phi-Phenomenon

Guilford, J. P.; Helson, Harry

doi:10.2307/1414716

Cited by 18 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…All participants were encouraged to maintain a head position near or touching the viewing scope of the tachistoscope. There was no fixation point because (1) in preliminary pilot work, observers reported less local adaptation without a fixation point, and (2) previous research has demonstrated that overt eye movements and foveal fixation are not correlated with the occurrence of apparent movement (Guilford & Helson, 1929;Hulin & Katz, 1934).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Apparent movement in phenomenal space

Misceo

Cowan

1983

Perception & Psychophysics

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The spatial and temporal variables in Korte's third law of apparent movement were studied in pictorial arrays in which size constancy could be expected to prevail. The thresholds for apparent movement were determined under conditions in which two squares appeared on a plane either with or without perspective information for depth. The results suggest that apparent movement varies with the perceived depth separation only if the size of the stimulus pair is congruent with contextual depth representations. The obtained psychophysical· function relating thresholds for third-dimensional movement to pictorial depth scale supports the view that apparent movement preserves gradient-of-texture information. 255A well-known phenomenal effect of intermittent stimulation is apparent, or stroboscopic, movement. Apparent movement is known to depend on the rate of successive exposure to two stationary stimuli in the frontal plane and on the distance separating the two stimuli. Although both must increase together, the optimal exposure rate (threshold) depends on the separation, a relation formally referred to as Korte's third law (Koffka, 1935). The separation to which Korte's law refers, however, is ambiguous: the reference could be either to retinal (proximal) or to perceived separation. Corbin (1942) attempted to resolve this ambiguity by increasing the slant of the stimulus plane away from the observer, which decreased retinal separation and kept objective (distal) separation constant. Variations of slant had slight effect on the threshold required for apparent movement, suggesting that retinal separation in itself is not the effective factor. From Corbin's results, however, the conclusion that perceived separation governs optimal exposure rate may be unwarranted, because peripheral factors (e.g., retinal size) varied as a function of slant and were not controlled. In an effort to resolve this problem, Attneave and Block (1973) held proximal separation constant but varied perceived separation with contextual two-dimensional depth cues for slant. The threshold for apparent movement was found to be greater with than without perspective slant information. Consequently, Attneave and Block suggested that their results, together with Corbin's, supported the viewthat "an approximately isotropic tridimensional model of physical space is constructed internally, and that apparent movement is based on events within this analog model" (1973, p, 301, italics ours; see also Attneave, 1972).We wish to thank John Uhlarik, Leon Rappoport, and Richard Pringle for helpful comments and suggestions. Requests for reprints should be sent to G. F. Misceo, Department of Psychology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506.Because this constancy-of-extent (i.e., isotropic) view is important for a theory of spatial representation, we were led to put Korte's law to further tests. The view would be supported if it could be shown that distal metric information is preserved in apparent movement, a demonstration incompletely addressed in the stud...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Apparent movement in phenomenal space

Misceo

Cowan

1983

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…This sort of "configurational psychophysics" showed that perception was not only a function of present, but also of past and background, stimuli (more about this below), and that responses depended on the state of adaptation of an organism to all such stimuli. 4 Initially, during the late 1920s and early 1930s, Helson's program related to visual perception and focused specifically on aspects of vision such as eye-movement theory (Guilford and Helson 1929), color illusion (Helson 1930), clearness-context theory (Helson 1932), light perception (Helson and Fehrer 1932), photopic adaptation (Helson and Judd 1932), and after-image (Helson 1936). These specific studies, treating different topics, developed into a unified approach during the late 1930s and 1940s as Helson developed a single general framework able to explain all fundamental problems of color vision (Helson 1938;Helson and Jeffers 1940).…”

Section: Gestalt Theory and Color Perception (1930s)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Harry Helson’s Adaptation-Level Theory, Happiness Treadmills, and Behavioral Economics

Edwards¹

2018

J Hist Econ Thought

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Psychologist Harry Helson (1898–1977) developed Adaptation-Level (AL) theory during the 1930s to the 1970s, while economics was being refined through ordinalism and expected utility theory. This essay accounts for the process of transmission of AL theory from psychophysics to behavioral psychology and eventually economics. It explains how the concept of adaptation reflectance, originally intended to explain color vision, developed into an experimental approach that caught the attention of both psychologists and economists working on welfare analysis and behavioral research. It also argues that the history of AL theory—so far, absent from narratives about economics and psychology—is worth exploring in order to gain a better understanding of the relationship between the two disciplines.

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“…Initially, during the late 1920s and early 1930s, Helson's program related to visual perception and focused specifically on aspects of vision like eye-movement theory (Guilford and Helson 1929), color illusion (Helson 1930), clearness-context theory (Helson 1932), light perception (Helson and Fehrer 1932), photopic adaptation (Helson and Judd 1932) and after-image (Helson 1936). These specific studies, treating different "law of comparative judgment", Stevens' "power law", and Swets, Tanner, and Birdsall's "theory of signal detection" (Avant, 1971, p. 19).…”

Section: Gestalt Theory and Color Perception (1930s)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Journal of the History of Economic Thought preprints - Harry Helson’s Adaptation-Level Theory, Happiness Treadmills, and Behavioral Economics

Edwards¹

2017

Preprint

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Psychologist Harry Helson [1898-1977] developed Adaptation-Level (AL) theory during the 1930s-70s, while economics was being refined through ordinalism and expected utility theory. This essay accounts for the process of transmission of AL theory from psychophysics, to behavioral psychology and eventually economics. It explains how the concept of adaptation reflectance, originally intended to explain color vision, developed into an experimental approach that caught the attention of both psychologists and economists working on welfare analysis and behavioral research. It also argues that the history of AL theory – so far absent from narratives about economics and psychology – is worth exploring in order to gain a better understanding of the relationship between the two disciplines.

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Eye-Movements and the Phi-Phenomenon

Cited by 18 publications

References 0 publications

Apparent movement in phenomenal space

Apparent movement in phenomenal space

Harry Helson’s Adaptation-Level Theory, Happiness Treadmills, and Behavioral Economics

Journal of the History of Economic Thought preprints - Harry Helson’s Adaptation-Level Theory, Happiness Treadmills, and Behavioral Economics

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