Eye-Movement Responses to Step and Pulse-Step Stimuli*

Wheeless, Leon L.; Boynton, Robert M.; Cohen, Gerald H.

doi:10.1364/josa.56.000956

Cited by 145 publications

(64 citation statements)

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“…The finding that the percentage of doublestep responses increased as a function of intertarget interval replicates the experimental results of Wheeless et al (1966), Komoda et al (1973), andCarlow et al (1975) and suggests that it is the extent to which programming has developed at the time of occurrence of the second target that determines whether this response is reprogrammed to the second target. Within this framework the developmental differences in percentage of double-step responses can be most simply interpreted in terms of differences in the rate at which adults and children program saccades.…”

Section: Percentage Of Double-step Responsessupporting

confidence: 75%

“…One important aspect of the planning and execution of saccades is the manner in which the ongoing programming of eye movements can be modified by the occurrence of new target information. Whereas early views of the saccade stressed its ballistic nature (i.e., that the system was refractory to changes in target information during the programming and execution of a saccade), more recent studies (e.g., Becker & Fuchs, 1969;Becker & Jtirgens, 1979;Carlow, Dell-Osso, Troose, Daroff, & Birkett, 1975;Komoda, Festinger, Phillips, Duckman, & Young, 1973;Taumer, 1975;Wheeless, Boynton, & Cohen, 1966) have demonstrated that ongoing saccadic programming can be modified and that the parallel programming of saccades can occur under some circumstances.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Prior work with adults using the double-step paradigm found that the interval between the two targets influenced the probability that a saccade would be made to both targets. At longer intertarget intervals, saccades are made to both the first and second targets; but as this interval decreases the probability of a single saccade to the final target location increases (Carlow et al, 1975;Komoda et al, 1973;Wheeless et al, 1966). The occurrence of single responses to the final target location has been viewed as an indication that the saccadic system processes new information in a more or less continuous manner, and comparisons of the latency of such reprogrammed responses to second targets when these targets appear at various locations have been used to estimate the time needed to cancel and reprogram a saccade.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Saccadic eye movements of children and adults to double-step stimuli.

Groll¹,

Ross²

1982

Developmental Psychology

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The programming and reprogramming of oculomotor responses to double-step and single-step targets was investigated in 5-6-year-old and 10-12-year-old children and in adults. The independent variables in Experiment 1 were intertarget interval (50, 100, 150, and 200 msec) and target location. The number of trials on which a saccade was made to both first and second targets increased with age and intertarget interval, but the two factors did not interact. On trials where responses were made only to the second target, the children responded slower than the adults but showed generally similar patterns of response latencies. In Experiment 2, a warning signal was presented 0, 100, or 300 msec prior to the first target. For adults the 100-and 300-msec warning intervals reduced the latency of single-step responses and the first saccade of double-step responses, whereas only the 300-msec warning interval was similarly effective with children.In both experiments subjects in all age groups exhibited amplitude transition functions, indicating that the modifiability of saccadic programming is basically similar for adults and children. A comparison of simultaneous programming characteristics of adults and children suggested possible age differences, but the data were not conclusive. The results indicated age differences in the rate of programming and reprogramming saccades but no qualitative age-related differences in these processes.

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Section: Percentage Of Double-step Responsessupporting

confidence: 75%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Saccadic eye movements of children and adults to double-step stimuli.

Groll¹,

Ross²

1982

Developmental Psychology

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“…Other studies have however, reported latencies longer than 250 ms in older adults compared to the young (Wheeless et al 1966;Sharpe and Sylvester 1978) when sitting. Due to the previous findings that older persons have longer eye-movement latencies to visual targets (Abel et al 1983;Carter et al 1983;Huaman and Sharpe 1993;Scialfa and Joffe 1997;Munoz et al 1998;Klein et al 2000;Yang et al 2006;Owsley 2011) we initially hypothesised that standing would further delay these eye-movements.…”

Section: Figure 6 About Herementioning

confidence: 88%

Age-related effects of increasing postural challenge on eye movement onset latencies to visual targets

et al. 2016

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When a single light cue is given in the visual field, our eyes orient towards it with an average latency of 200 ms. If a second cue is presented at or around the time of the response to the first, a secondary eye movement occurs that represents a re-orientation to the new target. While studies have shown that eye movement latencies to 'single-step' targets may or may not be lengthened with age, secondary eye-movements (during 'double-step' displacements) are significantly delayed with increasing age. The aim of this study was to investigate if the postural challenge posed simply by standing (as opposed to sitting) results in significantly longer eye movement latencies in older adults compared to the young. Ten young (<35 years) and 10 older healthy adults (>65 years) participated in the study. They were required to fixate upon a central target and move their eyes in response to 2 types of stimuli: 1) a single-step perturbation of target position either 15º to the right or left, and 2) a double-step target displacement incorporating an initial target jump to the right or left by 15º, followed after 200 ms, by a shift of target position to the opposite side (e.g., +15º then -15º). All target displacement conditions were executed in sit and stand positions with the participant at the same distance from the targets. Eye movements were recorded using electro-oculography. Older adults did not show significantly longer eye movement latencies than the younger adults for single-step target displacements, and postural configuration (stand compared to sit) had no effect upon latencies for either group. We categorised double-step trials into those during which the second light changed after or before the onset of the eye shift to the first light. For the former category, young participants showed faster secondary eye shifts to the second light in the standing position, while the older adults did not. For the latter category of double-step trial, young participants showed no significant difference between sit and stand secondary eye movement latencies, but older adults were significantly longer standing compared to sitting. The older adults were significantly longer than the younger adults across both postural conditions, regardless of when the second light change occurred during the eye shift to the first light. We suggest that older adults require greater time and perhaps attentional processes to execute eye movements to unexpected changes of target position when faced with the need to maintain standing balance.

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“…Wheeless et al, 1966;Komoda et al, 1973). Our explanation of this difference is based on a model of the process by which a kxation error leads to the decision to generate a saccade.…”

Section: The Decision Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

An analysis of the saccadic system by means of double step stimuli

1979

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Abatrac-The characteristics of saccadic reactions to double steps of a target were analysed as a function of the time lapse between the second target step and the onset of the response. The analysis suggests that goal-directed saccades are prepared in two steps; first a decision as to their direction is taken which requires a randomly varying time, and subsequently their amplitude is calculated as a time average of the fixation error. In addition. the analysis demonstrates that the preparatory processes of two different saccades may overlap in time ("parallel programming") and that. although reacting in a discontinuous manner, the saccadic system continuously processes the afferent visual information. A conceptual model based on an internal predictive feedback pathway and on a non-linear decision mechanism is proposed that accounts for the observed behaviour.

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Eye-Movement Responses to Step and Pulse-Step Stimuli*

Cited by 145 publications

References 1 publication

Saccadic eye movements of children and adults to double-step stimuli.

Saccadic eye movements of children and adults to double-step stimuli.

Age-related effects of increasing postural challenge on eye movement onset latencies to visual targets

An analysis of the saccadic system by means of double step stimuli

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