Eye Metrics: An Alternative Vigilance Detector for Military Operators

McIntire, Lindsey K.; McKinley, R. Andy; McIntire, John P.; Goodyear, Chuck; Nelson, Justin

doi:10.1037/mil0000011

Cited by 16 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The main effect for signal probability and all of the interactions in the analysis lacked significance (p > .05 in all cases). McIntire et al (2013), performance efficiency on the cyber task was susceptible to the vigilance decrement. In this case, the decrement consisted of a notable drop in signal detection during the last period of watch after participants maintained a stable level of performance across three earlier watchkeeping periods.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…To date, the only study to examine vigilance performance in the cyberspace context was carried out by McIntire and her associates (McIntire, McKinley, McIntire, Goodyear, & Nelson, 2013). They showed that the vigilance decrement, the temporal decline in performance efficiency that typifies vigilance performance (cf., Davies & Parasuraman, 1982;Warm et al, in press), also occurs in a simulated cyber task and that the decrement is accompanied by changes in oculomotor activity, such as blink frequency, duration, and pupil diameter, which could be used to detect when cyber operators are in need of rest or replacement.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cyber Vigilance

Sawyer

Finomore

Funke

et al. 2014

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual

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Cyber security operators in the military and civilian sector face a lengthy repetitive work assignment with few critical signal occurrences under conditions in which they have little control over what transpires. In this sense, their task is similar to vigilance tasks that have received considerable attention from human factors specialists in regard to other operational assignments such as air traffic control, industrial process control, and medical monitoring. Accordingly, this study was designed to determine if cyber security tasks can be linked to more traditional vigilance tasks in regard to several factors known to influence vigilance performance and perceived mental workload including time on task, the probability of critical signal occurrence, and event rate (the number of stimulus events that must be monitored in order to detect critical signals). Consistent with the results obtained in traditional vigilance experiments, signal detection on a 40-minute simulated cyber security task declined significantly over time, was directly related to signal probability, and inversely related to event rate. In addition, as in traditional vigilance tasks, perceived mental workload in the cyber task, as reflected by the NASA Task Load Index, was high. The results of this study have potential meaning for designers of cyber security systems in regard to psychophysical factors that might influence task performance and the need to keep the workload of such systems from exceeding the information processing bounds of security operators.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyber Vigilance

Sawyer

Finomore

Funke

et al. 2014

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual

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“…The results of a study by McIntire, McKinley, McIntire, Goodyear, and Nelson (2013) indicated that eye tracking can be used to detect changes in vigilance for UAV pilots. Poor attention to a vigilance task (Cyber Defense Task) could be seen in an increase in blink rate, longer blink durations, and a longer eye closure time.…”

Section: Unmanned Aerial Vehiclementioning

confidence: 99%

Eye-Tracking Measures in Aviation: A Selective Literature Review

Peißl

Wickens

Baruah

2018

The International Journal of Aerospace Psychology

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Objective: The aim of this article is to present a comprehensive review of eye-tracking measures and discuss different application areas of the method of eye tracking in the field of aviation. Background: Psychophysiological measures such as eye tracking in pilots are useful for detecting fatigue or high-workload conditions, for investigating motion sickness and hypoxia, or for assessing display improvements and expertise. Method: We review the uses of eye tracking on pilots and include eyetracking studies published in aviation journals, with both a historical and contemporary view. We include 79 papers and assign the results to the following three categories: Human performance, aircraft design, health and physiological factors affecting performance. We then summarize the different uses of eye tracking in each category and highlight metrics which turned out to be useful in each area. Our review is complementary to that of Ziv (2016). Results: On the basis of these analyses, we propose useful application areas for the measurement of eye tracking. Eye tracking has the potential to be effective in terms of preventing errors or injuries by detecting, for example, fatigue or performance decrements. Applied in an appropriate manner in simulated or real flight it can help to ensure optimal functioning of man-machine systems. Conclusion: Further aviation psychology and aerospace medicine research will benefit from measurement of eye movements.

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“…88ABW Cleared 03/13/2015; 88ABW-2015-1047 2014; Wiggins, 2011;McIntire, McKinley, McIntire, Goodyear, & Nelson, 2013)). This performance decline is primarily in the form of decreased target detection which may result in serious repercussions.…”

Section: Accuracymentioning

confidence: 99%

Augmenting Visual Search Performance with Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)

Nelson¹,

McKinley²,

McIntire³

et al. 2015

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The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YY)2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED (From -To) ABSTRACTVarious military personnel endure rigorous and demanding man hours designated to monitoring and locating targets in tasks such as cyber defense and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance operations. These tasks are monotonous and repetitive in nature which can result in a vigilant decrement. A vigilance decrement occurs when cognitive demand exceeds the capability of the operator which results in a decrease in performance. The objective of the study was to evaluate a form of non-invasive brain stimulation known as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the left frontal eye field (LFEF) region of the scalp in regards to performance during a visual search task. The findings suggest that both the anodal and cathodal stimulation configuration significantly improves detection accuracy during the task compared to the sham condition. In addition,, a correlation was found in relation to various eye metrics (percent of eye closure and Blinking Frequency) and the stimulation condition. Hence, the use of tDCS over the LFEF would be a beneficial countermeasure to mitigate the vigilance decrement and increase detection accuracy during a visual search task. SUBJECT TERMSFrontal eye field, sustained attention, transcranial direct current stimulation, monotonous, vigilance, percent of eye closure ii LIST OF TABLES SUMMARYVarious military personnel endure rigorous and demanding man hours designated to monitoring and locating targets in tasks such as cyber defense and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance operations. These tasks are monotonous and repetitive in nature which can result in a vigilant decrement. A vigilance decrement occurs when cognitive demand exceeds the capability of the operator which results in a decrease in performance. The objective of the study was to evaluate a form of non-invasive brain stimulation known as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the left frontal eye field (LFEF) region of the scalp in regards to performance during a visual search task. E...

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Eye Metrics: An Alternative Vigilance Detector for Military Operators

Cited by 16 publications

References 19 publications

Cyber Vigilance

Cyber Vigilance

Eye-Tracking Measures in Aviation: A Selective Literature Review

Augmenting Visual Search Performance with Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)

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