Extrusion-based concrete 3D printing from a material perspective: A state-of-the-art review

Mohan, M.; Rahul, A.V.; Schutter, Geert De; Tittelboom, Kim Van

doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.103855

Cited by 229 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 207 publications

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“…Moreover, 3D printing of construction materials may dramatically change conventional construction methods by permitting the adoption of advanced digital modelling practices in structural design and construction [ 7 , 8 ]. Among the numerous 3D printing techniques for construction products, the most familiar concrete AM process is based on material extrusion, wherein the required cementitious materials are deposited in a layering process [ 9 , 10 , 11 ]. The mixing ratios of the essential ingredients of 3D printable cementitious materials and the SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 percentages of their precursors have been revealed in numerous recent publications [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Printing Parameter Requirements for 3D Printable Geopolymer Materials Prepared from Industrial Side Streams

2021

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The objective of this investigation is to study the printing parameter requirements for sustainable 3D printable geopolymer materials. Side streams of the paper, mining, and construction industries were applied as geopolymer raw materials. The effect of printing parameters in terms of buildability, mixability, extrudability, curing, Al-to-Si ratio, and waste materials utilisation on the fresh and hardened state of the materials was studied. The material performance of a fresh geopolymer was measured using setting time and shape stability tests. Standardised test techniques were applied in the testing of the hardened material properties of compressive and flexural strength. The majority of developed suitable 3D printable geopolymers comprised 56–58% recycled material. Heating was used to improve the buildability and setting of the material significantly. A reactive recyclable material content of greater than 20% caused the strength and material workability to decrease. A curing time of 7–28 days increased the compressive strength but decreased the flexural strength. The layers in the test samples exhibited decreased and increased strength, respectively, in compressive and flexural strength tests. Geopolymer development was found to be a compromise between different strength values and recyclable material contents. By focusing on specialised and complex-shape products, 3D printing of geopolymers can compete with traditional manufacturing in limited markets.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Printing Parameter Requirements for 3D Printable Geopolymer Materials Prepared from Industrial Side Streams

2021

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“…The most common among the extrusion-based manufacturing techniques is 3D concrete printing (3DCP). It is a technique of manufacturing structural elements by the layer wise deposition of concrete using a concrete 3D printer [ 1 , 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unlike conventional cast concrete, the mechanical behavior of 3D printed elements is anisotropic due to the presence of interfaces and its mechanical strength can be lower compared to mold cast specimens, depending on the loading direction [ 3 , 4 ]. Therefore, to increase its flexural capacity and also to have a more ductile post-cracking behavior, additives like fibers can be beneficial in 3D printed structural components [ 2 ]. Many printable concrete formulations incorporate plastic fibers such as polypropylene, polyvinyl alcohol [ 5 ] and even other fibers like basalt, carbon, and glass [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another aspect related to the printable material is the high shrinkage cracking potential. This can be attributed to various reasons such as the lack of formwork, the high binder content, the use of additives like silica fume in the mixture composition, and the high surface area-to-volume ratio in the slender printed elements [ 2 ]. Shrinkage could be mitigated by a proper internal curing by superabsorbent polymers or by the application of shrinkage reducing admixtures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to their hindrance to deformation and movement of the matrix, the addition of fibers decreases the workability and increases the water and paste demand of the composition [ 18 , 19 ]. This could be detrimental with regards to the printability requirements as the material requires sufficient flowability during extrusion [ 2 ]. In addition, when the material is extruded, it has to retain its shape without relevant deformations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of 3D Printable Cementitious Composites with the Incorporation of Polypropylene Fibers

et al. 2021

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Similar to conventional cast concrete, printable materials require reinforcement to counteract their low tensile strength. However, as traditional reinforcement strategies are not commonly used in 3D print applications, fiber reinforcement can serve as an alternative. This study aims to assess the influence of different polypropylene fiber lengths (3 and 6 mm, denoted as M3 and M6, respectively) and dosages (0.1 and 0.3% volume fraction) on the workability, pore structure, mechanical and shrinkage behavior of 3D printable cementitious materials. Fresh state observations revealed that the addition of a higher fiber volume decreased the workability of the material, irrespective of the fiber length as a result of the lower water film thickness (WFT). In hardened state, a marginal increase in total porosity could be observed when adding fibers to the mix composition. In addition, the flexural strength was found to increase with the addition of fibers, while no significant difference was observed in compressive strength. The increase in flexural strength was more pronounced in the case of longer-sized M6 fibers. Finally, the total drying shrinkage behavior was evaluated using mold-cast prisms. The addition of M6 fibers showed no beneficial effect in reducing total free shrinkage, while a reduction in total free shrinkage was observed when using M3 fibers.

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Additive Manufacturing for Building and Constructions

Kakarla,

Kong,

Patel

2024

Additive Manufacturing With Novel Materials

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Extrusion-based concrete 3D printing from a material perspective: A state-of-the-art review

Cited by 229 publications

References 207 publications

Printing Parameter Requirements for 3D Printable Geopolymer Materials Prepared from Industrial Side Streams

Printing Parameter Requirements for 3D Printable Geopolymer Materials Prepared from Industrial Side Streams

Development of 3D Printable Cementitious Composites with the Incorporation of Polypropylene Fibers

Additive Manufacturing for Building and Constructions

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