Abstract:Three-dimensional (3D) printing manufactures intricate computer aided designs without time and resource spent for mold creation. The rapid growth of this industry has led to its extensive use in the automotive, biomedical, and electrical industries. In this work, biobased poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) blends were combined with pyrolyzed biomass to create sustainable and novel printing materials. The Miscanthus biocarbon (BC), generated from pyrolysis at 650 °C, was combined with an optimized PTT blend… Show more
“…TGA investigations have been performed to reveal the temperature stability of the different materials in this study under a nitrogen atmosphere [ 74 ]. Moreover, TGA graphs proved indirectly the nature of the different nanocomposites and the existence of the specific filler loading in each specimen, via the observed remnant material at temperatures where the polymer matrix (PA12 or PLA) has been totally decomposed.…”
The effect of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles (NPs) as a reinforcing agent of Polyamide 12 (PA12) and Polylactic acid (PLA) in fused filament fabrication (FFF) three-dimensional printing (3DP) is reported herein for the first time. Alumina NPs are incorporated via a melt–mixing compounding process, at four different filler loadings. Neat as well as nanocomposite 3DP filaments are prepared as feedstock for the 3DP manufacturing of specimens which are thoroughly investigated for their mechanical properties. Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and Raman spectroscopy (RS) proved the nature of the materials. Their morphological characteristics were thoroughly investigated with scanning electron and atomic force microscopy. Al2O3 NPs exhibited a positive reinforcement mechanism at all filler loadings, while the mechanical percolation threshold with the maximum increase of performance was found between 1.0–2.0 wt.% filler loading (1.0 wt.% for PA12, 41.1%, and 56.4% increase in strength and modulus, respectively; 2.0 wt.% for PLA, 40.2%, and 27.1% increase in strength and modulus, respectively). The combination of 3DP and polymer engineering using nanocomposite PA12 and PLA filaments with low-cost filler additives, e.g., Al2O3 NPs, could open new avenues towards a series of potential applications using thermoplastic engineering polymers in FFF 3DP manufacturing.
“…TGA investigations have been performed to reveal the temperature stability of the different materials in this study under a nitrogen atmosphere [ 74 ]. Moreover, TGA graphs proved indirectly the nature of the different nanocomposites and the existence of the specific filler loading in each specimen, via the observed remnant material at temperatures where the polymer matrix (PA12 or PLA) has been totally decomposed.…”
The effect of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles (NPs) as a reinforcing agent of Polyamide 12 (PA12) and Polylactic acid (PLA) in fused filament fabrication (FFF) three-dimensional printing (3DP) is reported herein for the first time. Alumina NPs are incorporated via a melt–mixing compounding process, at four different filler loadings. Neat as well as nanocomposite 3DP filaments are prepared as feedstock for the 3DP manufacturing of specimens which are thoroughly investigated for their mechanical properties. Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and Raman spectroscopy (RS) proved the nature of the materials. Their morphological characteristics were thoroughly investigated with scanning electron and atomic force microscopy. Al2O3 NPs exhibited a positive reinforcement mechanism at all filler loadings, while the mechanical percolation threshold with the maximum increase of performance was found between 1.0–2.0 wt.% filler loading (1.0 wt.% for PA12, 41.1%, and 56.4% increase in strength and modulus, respectively; 2.0 wt.% for PLA, 40.2%, and 27.1% increase in strength and modulus, respectively). The combination of 3DP and polymer engineering using nanocomposite PA12 and PLA filaments with low-cost filler additives, e.g., Al2O3 NPs, could open new avenues towards a series of potential applications using thermoplastic engineering polymers in FFF 3DP manufacturing.
“…The processes that save resources, recycle or upcycle products, or convert wastes into value-added products are globally in high demand in order to address the growing problems of Anthropocene (Dertinger 2020). One of the strategies adopted in the polymer industry is to increase the sustainability of design and manufacturing processes with the tendency to use solid or liquid biomass wastes in developing biopolymers or biocomposites (Diederichs et al 2021). The primary sources for such materials are often agricultural (Wang et al 2018), forestry (Demir et al 2015) or food industry wastes (Picard 2020).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The primary sources for such materials are often agricultural (Wang et al 2018), forestry (Demir et al 2015) or food industry wastes (Picard 2020). The surface characteristics, thermal, electrical or mechanical properties of biocomposite materials are altered through various agents that lead to biopolymer applications in various industries such as automotive, biomedical, electrodomestic, design or fashion industries (Diederichs et al 2021;You et al 2018).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Besides the pursuit of alternative materials that are compatible with nature, the focus in manufacturing processes has also shifted to additive manufacturing from computerized numerical control (CNC) machining or molding since the material deposition and tooling time are reduced when compared to traditional processes (Diederichs et al 2021). Additive manufacturing also enables the fabrication of complex geometries on a layer-bylayer basis with minimal or no post-print adjustments (Brans 2013).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…3D printing is the most preferred form of additive manufacturing that has been gaining a lot of attention from the manufacturing industries. A great number of innovations have been made in this field in the last decades (Diederichs et al 2021).…”
The bacterial cellulose (BC) biofilms are explored in design applications as replacements to petroleum-based materials in order to overcome the irreversible effects of the Anthropocene. Unlike biomaterials, designers as mediators could collaborate with bioactive polymers as a form of wetware to manufacture living design products with the aid of novel developments in biology and engineering. Past and ongoing experiments in the literature show that BC has a strong nanofibril structure that provides adhesion for attachment to plant cellulose-based networks and it could grow on the surfaces of the desired geometry thanks to its inherited, yet, controllable bio-intelligence. This research explores BC-based bioactive composites as wetware within the context of digital fabrication in which the methodology involves distinct, yet integrated, three main stages: Digital design and G-code generation (software stage); BC cultivation and printable bioactive composite formulation (wetware stage); digital fabrication with a customized 3D printer (hardware stage). The results have shown that the interaction of BC and plantbased cellulose fibers of jute yarns has enhanced the structural load-bearing capacity of the form against compressive forces, while pure BC is known only by its tensile strength. Since the outcomes were fabricated with the use of a bioactive material, the degradation process also adds a fourth dimension: Time, by which the research findings could further establish a bio-upcycling process of wastes towards biosynthesis of valuable products. Moreover, developing a BC-based bioactive filament indicates potentially a feasible next step in the evolution of multiscale perspectives on the growth of habitable living structures that could reinforce the interaction between nature and architecture through collaboration with software, hardware, and wetware in innovative and sustainable ways.
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