Extruded PLA/clay nanocomposite foams blown with supercritical CO2

Keshtkar, M.; Nofar, Mohammadreza; Park, Chul; Carreau, Pierre J.

doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2014.06.059

Cited by 161 publications

(134 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…And a gas would only dissolve in the soft section and the hard section does not change in terms of mass and volume. Keshtkar [15] also found the addition of clay nanoparticle with 4-nm thickness would decrease the CO 2 's solubility in PLA by 16%. Our former work [32] on the microcellular foams of glass-fiber reinforced poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS) composites also found the added glass fiber hindered the CO 2 solubility in the PPS matrix.…”

Section: Gas Saturation and Desorptionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…[12] Adding nanoparticles [13] into polymers is another technology to significantly increase the mechanical properties of PLA and its crystallinity because of the nucleating effect of nanoparticles. Foaming technology [14,15] is considered as another method in this work to increase PLA's properties especially crystallinity, as a consequence, improved PLA mechanical performance and processibility. PLA foams are considered to be alternative of polystyrene foams in many commodity areas such as packaging, cushioning, construction, thermal and sound insulation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microcellular foaming of polylactide and poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terphathalate) blends and their CaCO₃ reinforced nanocomposites using supercritical carbon dioxide

Shi

Zhang

Liu

et al. 2016

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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Foamed polylactide (PLA), PLA-PBAT (poly (butylene adipate-co-terphathalate)) blend and their composites with CaCO 3 were prepared in a batch process using supercritical carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) at 12 MPa and 45°C. The solubility of CO 2 and its diffusion patterns in different PLA samples was investigated. PLA systems had a relatively high CO 2 solubility related to the carboxyl groups. CO 2 desorption behaviors in PLA systems first followed the Fickian diffusion mechanism in short time and then decreased slowly to a plateau. The addition of both PBAT and CaCO 3 into PLA impeded the desorption of CO 2 . In the presence of second phase PBAT, nanoparticles CaCO 3 and dissolved CO 2 , the PLA crystallization behavior investigated by DSC technique was greatly changed. As the desorption time increased, the gas induced crystallinity slightly decreased in consequence of less CO 2 content in each system and thus less plasticization effect. The cell morphology of foamed PLA and PLA composites showed interesting microstructure patterns. The prepared pure PLA foam exhibits a typical bimodal structure because of the foaming in both the amorphous and crystalline zones. With PBAT and CaCO 3 into PLA, the composite foam presented significant increase in cell uniformity and cell density. With less CO 2 content in each PLA sample, the cell structure showed interesting variation. Pure PLA foam presented transition from bimodal structure to more uniform cell structure with decreased cell density. In contract, PLA-PBAT foam show unfoamed regions because of none CO 2 left in the separated PBAT phase.

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Section: Gas Saturation and Desorptionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microcellular foaming of polylactide and poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terphathalate) blends and their CaCO₃ reinforced nanocomposites using supercritical carbon dioxide

Shi

Zhang

Liu

et al. 2016

Polymers for Advanced Techs

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…It can be seen that for the foam samples containing additives the degree of crystallinity increased almost linearly with porosity. It is likely due to the strain-induced crystallization [9,23] and to the plasticizing effect of CO 2 which results in the decrease of the temperature of crystallization and formation of more perfect crystalline domains. The advantageous effect of the used nucleating agents (talc, cellulose and basalt fibre) on the crystallinity is most observable at lower expansion ratios.…”

Section: Crystallinitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was shown by Pilla et al [2] that the simultaneous addition of talc and CE leads to increased cell density and more uniform cell structure. Fillers, such as wood particles [8] or clay nanoparticles [9] are also known to act as crystal nucleating agents and change the melt viscosity. Moreover fillers influence the microstructure and thus the mechanical and thermal properties of the foams [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterisation of natural fibre reinforced PLA foams prepared by supercritical CO2 assisted extrusion

Bocz¹,

Tábi²,

Vadas³

et al. 2016

Express Polym. Lett.

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Abstract. Natural fibre reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) foams, as potential green replacements for petroleum-based polymer foams, were investigated. Highly porous (ε > 95%) microcellular PLA foams were manufactured by supercritical CO 2 assisted extrusion process. To overcome the inherently low melt strength of PLA, epoxy-functionalized chain extender was applied, while talc was added to improve its crystallization kinetics. The combined application of chain extender and talc effectively promoted the formation of uniform cell structures. The effect of cellulose and basalt fibre reinforcement on the foamability, morphology, structure and mechanical properties of the PLA foams were investigated as well. The addition of 5 wt% natural fibres promoted the cell nucleation, but caused non-uniform distribution of cell size due to the microholes induced by local fibre-matrix debonding. The compression strength of the manufactured basalt fibre reinforced PLA foams reached 40 kPa.

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“…The application of PP foam is determined by its mechanical properties, which are dependent on the cell structure-such as cell type, cell size, cell size distribution, and cell density-as well as the foaming rate of PP [1,[7][8][9]. Compared with traditional blowing agents, foaming using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2 ) is particularly appealing, as scCO 2 can be easily dissolved in polymers, and the foaming process is environmentally friendly [9][10][11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Supercritical CO2 Foaming of Radiation Cross-Linked Isotactic Polypropylene in the Presence of TAIC

et al. 2016

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Abstract:Since the maximum foaming temperature window is only about 4 • C for supercritical CO 2 (scCO 2 ) foaming of pristine polypropylene, it is important to raise the melt strength of polypropylene in order to more easily achieve scCO 2 foaming. In this work, radiation cross-linked isotactic polypropylene, assisted by the addition of a polyfunctional monomer (triallylisocyanurate, TAIC), was employed in the scCO 2 foaming process in order to understand the benefits of radiation cross-linking. Due to significantly enhanced melt strength and the decreased degree of crystallinity caused by cross-linking, the scCO 2 foaming behavior of polypropylene was dramatically changed. The cell size distribution, cell diameter, cell density, volume expansion ratio, and foaming rate of radiation-cross-linked polypropylene under different foaming conditions were analyzed and compared. It was found that radiation cross-linking favors the foamability and formation of well-defined cell structures. The optimal absorbed dose with the addition of 2 wt % TAIC was 30 kGy. Additionally, the foaming temperature window was expanded to about 8 • C, making the handling of scCO 2 foaming of isotactic polypropylene much easier.

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Extruded PLA/clay nanocomposite foams blown with supercritical CO2

Cited by 161 publications

References 69 publications

Microcellular foaming of polylactide and poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terphathalate) blends and their CaCO₃ reinforced nanocomposites using supercritical carbon dioxide

Microcellular foaming of polylactide and poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terphathalate) blends and their CaCO₃ reinforced nanocomposites using supercritical carbon dioxide

Characterisation of natural fibre reinforced PLA foams prepared by supercritical CO2 assisted extrusion

Supercritical CO2 Foaming of Radiation Cross-Linked Isotactic Polypropylene in the Presence of TAIC

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Extruded PLA/clay nanocomposite foams blown with supercritical CO2

Cited by 161 publications

References 69 publications

Microcellular foaming of polylactide and poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terphathalate) blends and their CaCO3 reinforced nanocomposites using supercritical carbon dioxide

Microcellular foaming of polylactide and poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terphathalate) blends and their CaCO3 reinforced nanocomposites using supercritical carbon dioxide

Characterisation of natural fibre reinforced PLA foams prepared by supercritical CO2 assisted extrusion

Supercritical CO2 Foaming of Radiation Cross-Linked Isotactic Polypropylene in the Presence of TAIC

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Microcellular foaming of polylactide and poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terphathalate) blends and their CaCO₃ reinforced nanocomposites using supercritical carbon dioxide

Microcellular foaming of polylactide and poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terphathalate) blends and their CaCO₃ reinforced nanocomposites using supercritical carbon dioxide