Extrinsic and Intrinsic Systems in the Posterior Cortex of the Human Brain Revealed during Natural Sensory Stimulation

Golland, Yulia; Bentin, Shlomo; Gelbard, Harris A.; Benjamini, Yoav; Heller, Ruth; Nir, Yuval; Hasson, Uri; Malach, Rafael

doi:10.1093/cercor/bhk030

Cited by 304 publications

(286 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…In one there is greater attention to external stimuli in the environment, and in the other attention is focused on internal and selfrelated stimuli including self-projection into the past, such as during remembering, and selfprojection into the future, such as during future planning (Josipovic, Dinstein, Weber and Heeger 2011). These two modes of experience appear to correspond to two competing cortical brain systems; the extrinsic system that responds most to external stimuli and tasks, and the intrinsic system that responds most to internal stimuli and tasks (e.g., Golland et al 2007;Tian et al 2007). It has been shown that training in present-focused attention as part of mindfulness training increases the emphasis on the momentary self in preference to the natural bias towards the narrative self (Farb et al 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trait mindfulness and autobiographical memory specificity

Crawley

2014

Cogn Process

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Training in mindfulness skills has been shown to increase autobiographical memory specificity. The aim of this study was to examine whether there is also an association between individual differences in trait mindfulness and memory specificity using a non-clinical student sample (N = 70). Also examined were the relationships between other memory characteristics and trait mindfulness, self-reported depression and rumination. Participants wrote about 12 autobiographical memories which were recalled in response to emotion word cues in a minimal instruction version of the Autobiographical Memory Test, rated each memory for seven characteristics, and completed the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory, the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale, and the Ruminative Responses Scale. Higher rumination scores were associated with more reliving and more intense emotion during recall.Depression scores were not associated with any memory variables. Higher trait mindfulness was associated with lower memory specificity and with more intense and more positive emotion during recall. Thus, trait mindfulness is associated with memory specificity but the association is opposite to that found in mindfulness training studies. It is suggested that this difference may be due to an influence of trait mindfulness on memory encoding as well as retrieval processes and an influence on the mode of self-awareness that leads to a greater focus on momentary rather than narrative self-reference.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trait mindfulness and autobiographical memory specificity

Crawley

2014

Cogn Process

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“…Each subject was exposed to the same movie segment in two different sessions (for details see Golland et al, 2007).…”

Section: Experiments Used In the Clustering Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Data-driven clustering reveals a fundamental subdivision of the human cortex into two global systems

Golland²,

et al. 2008

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Global organizational principles are critical for understanding cortical functionality. Recently we proposed a global sub-division of the posterior cortex into two large-scale systems. One system, labeled extrinsic, comprises the sensory-motor cortex, and is associated with the external environment. The second system, labeled intrinsic, overlaps substantially with the previously described "default-mode" network, and is likely associated with inner-oriented processing. This global partition of the cerebral cortex emerged from hemodynamic imaging data the analysis of which was constrained by pre-determined hypotheses. Here we applied a hypothesis-free, unsupervised two-class clustering algorithm (k-means) to a large set of fMRI data. The two clusters delineated by this unsupervised hypothesis-free procedure showed high anatomical consistency across individuals, and their cortical topography coincided largely with the previously determined extrinsic and intrinsic systems. These new clustering-based results confirm that the intrinsic-extrinsic subdivision constitutes a fundamental cortical divide.

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“…A parallel recruitment of task-positive and task-negative/default-network regions has been observed during several tasks, such as passive sensory stimulation [39], continuous movie viewing [40], narrative speech comprehension [41], autobiographical planning [42] and mind wandering during a sustained attention task [36]. These diverse findings suggest that characterizing brain activity as either task-positive/world-directed or task-negative/self-directed is incomplete.…”

Section: Sensorimotor Integrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although intense engagement in sensorimotor tasks can suppress the task-negative/default-network regions that also subserve self-related processing [17][18][19], one can envision situations (e.g. introspection, envisioning the perspective of others, mind wandering) in which the required mental processes call upon resources from both sets of regions and hence lead to more balanced activations between them, as indicated by recent results [36,[39][40][41][42]. Furthermore, even in situations where the dACC and lateral PFC are recruited in opposition to task-negative/default-network regions (i.e.…”

Section: Opinionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Specifying the Self for Cognitive Neuroscience

Christoff¹,

Cosmelli²,

Legrand³

et al. 2017

Preprint

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Cognitive neuroscience investigations of self-experience have mainly focused on the mental attribution of features to the self (self-related processing). In this paper, we highlight another fundamental, yet neglected, aspect of self-experience, that of being an agent. We propose that this aspect of self-experience depends on self-specifying processes, ones that implicitly specify the self by implementing a functional self/non-self distinction in perception, action, cognition and emotion. We describe two paradigmatic cases -sensorimotor integration and homeostatic regulation -and use the principles from these cases to show how cognitive control, including emotion regulation, is also self-specifying. We argue that externally directed, attention-demanding tasks, rather than suppressing self-experience, give rise to the selfexperience of being a cognitive-affective agent. We conclude with directions for experimental work based on our framework.Investigating self-experience in cognitive neuroscience How does the embodied brain give rise to self-experience? This question, long addressed by neurology [1] and neurophysiology [2], now attracts strong interest from cognitive neuroscience and the neuroimaging community [3][4][5][6].Recent neuroimaging studies have investigated selfexperience mainly by employing paradigms that contrast self-related with non-self-related stimuli and tasks. Such paradigms aim to reveal the cerebral correlates of 'selfrelated processing' (see Glossary). Recent reviews identify several brain regions that appear most consistently activated in self-related paradigms such as assessing one's personality, physical appearance or feelings; recognizing one's face; or detecting one's first name (see [4,6] for extensive reviews). The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex (Precuneus/ PCC) are the most frequently discussed [4-10], but two additional regions, the temporoparietal junction (TPJ) and temporal pole, are also consistently activated [6].Although these studies have contributed valuable information about the neural correlates of self-related processing, two issues have recently arisen [3,6]. First, the identified regions, especially the midline regions (mPFC, Precuneus/PCC) often associated with self-related processing [4,[7][8][9][10], might not be self-specific, because they are also recruited for a wide range of other cognitive processes -recall of information from memory, inferential reasoning, and representing others' mental states [3,5,6]. In addition, the PCC appears to be engaged in attentional processes and might be a hub for attention and motivation [11,12], whereas the TPJ is important for attentional reorienting [13]. Hence, describing these regions (singly or collectively) as self-specific could be unwarranted [3,5,6]. Second, studies employing self-related processing approach self-experience through the self-attribution of mental and physical features, and thereby focus on the self as an object of attribution and not the self as the knowing subje...

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Extrinsic and Intrinsic Systems in the Posterior Cortex of the Human Brain Revealed during Natural Sensory Stimulation

Cited by 304 publications

References 62 publications

Trait mindfulness and autobiographical memory specificity

Trait mindfulness and autobiographical memory specificity

Data-driven clustering reveals a fundamental subdivision of the human cortex into two global systems

Specifying the Self for Cognitive Neuroscience

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