Extremely small and incredibly close: Gut microbes as modulators of inflammation and targets for therapeutic intervention

Abstract

Chronic inflammation is a hallmark for a variety of disorders and is at least partially responsible for disease progression and poor patient health. In recent years, the microbiota inhabiting the human gut has been associated with not only intestinal inflammatory diseases but also those that affect the brain, liver, lungs, and joints. Despite a strong correlation between specific microbial signatures and inflammation, whether or not these microbes are disease markers or disease drivers is still a matter of debate. In this review, we discuss what is known about the molecular mechanisms by which the gut microbiota can modulate inflammation, both in the intestine and beyond. We identify the current gaps in our knowledge of biological mechanisms, discuss how these gaps have likely contributed to the uncertain outcome of fecal microbiota transplantation and probiotic clinical trials, and suggest how both mechanistic insight and -omics-based approaches can better inform study design and therapeutic intervention.

Influence of Maqian essential oil on gut microbiota and immunoresponses in type 1 diabetes: In silico study

“…The GM has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases, extending beyond intestinal disorders to encompass neurological, hepatic, pulmonary, and musculoskeletal disorders. While strong correlations have been established between specific microbial signatures and inflammation, the precise role of these microbes as disease markers or disease drivers remains an area of active exploration [ 47 ]. A substantial body of evidence supports a strong connection between GM dysbiosis and the development of inflammatory disorders.…”

Trilobatin ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis in mice via the NF-κB pathway and alterations in gut microbiota

“…In our study, TLB treatment reduced the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Campylobacterota in mice with DSS-induced UC. Proteobacteria were previously considered an indicator of gut microbiota dysbiosis, which is closely related to metabolic disorders [ 44 ], and was regarded as a predisposing factor for the onset of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) [ 45 ], whereas Campylobacterota is associated with various intestinal diseases, including IBDs, enteritis, and colorectal cancer [ 46 ]. These results are consistent with those of the present study, showing that TLB is capable of alleviating intestinal inflammation by inhibiting the growth of Campylobacterota and promoting the abundance of Bacteroidota.…”

The metaproteome of the gut microbiota in pediatric patients affected by COVID-19

“…Additionally, these species inhabit a carefully balanced ecosystem. When this balance is upset, it can result in adverse effects on human health, a condition known as dysbiosis (Piazzesi and Putignani, 2022). Recently, there has been a growing interest in understanding how the non-bacterial components of the gut microbiota shape host physiology and immunity (Iorio et al, 2022).…”