Extreme precipitation events

Abstract

The effect of increased populations concentrated in urban areas, coupled with the ongoing threat of climate change, means that society is becoming increasingly vulnerable to the effects of extreme precipitation. The study of these events is therefore a key topic in climate research, in their physical basis, in the study of their impacts, and in our adaptation to them. From a meteorological perspective, the main questions are related to the definition of extreme events, changes in their distribution and intensity both globally and regionally, the dependence on large-scale phenomena including the role of moisture transport, and changes in their behavior due to anthropogenic pressures. In this review article, we address all these points and propose a set of challenges for future research.

Causes of the drastic change in sea ice on the southern northwind ridge in July 2019 and July 2020: From a perspective from atmospheric forcing

“…In contrast, there was no positive solar radiation anomaly in July 2020, and the SIC reduced to about 50% at the end of July. Park et al (2015), Lee et al (2017) and Gimeno et al (2019) found that moisture from low latitudes, rather than local water vapor, is the main cause of abnormal LWN (Park, Lee, Son, Feldstein, and Kosaka, 2015;Lee, Kwon, Yeh, Kwon, Park, Park et al, 2017;Gimeno, Vázquez, Eiras-Barca, Sorí, Algarra, and Nieto, 2019). In this study, we found that in July 2019, the heat flux (Figure 6A), the water vapor flux (Figure 6C) and the cloud liquid water flux (Figure 6E) in the southern Northwind Ridge all showed strong poleward transport from south to north; whereas in July 2020, the three fluxes had southward transport (Figures 6B,D,F).…”

“…Compared with 2020, the strengthening of the warm and humid advection from the low latitudes at the southern Northwind Ridge in July 2019 was mainly caused by an abnormal pressure field, which can excite anomalous winds (Wei, Qin, and Li, 2017;Gimeno, Vázquez, Eiras-Barca, Sorí, Algarra, and Nieto, 2019). On the MSLP field (Figure 6 and Supplementary Figure S6), the centers of low MSLP and high Frontiers in Earth Science frontiersin.org Frontiers in Earth Science frontiersin.org 08 MSLP in the Arctic Ocean intersected near 84 °N in July 2019.…”

“…The latent heat-transport convergence showed significant positive anomalies in May and June, which is conducive to moisture increase (Graversen, Mauritsen, Drijfhout, Tjernström, and Mårtensson, 2011) (Figure 5B). The cloud water and water vapor, which are higher than average, will increase the opacity of the atmosphere, thereby causing the greenhouse effect, which leads to an increase in LWN (Kapsch, Graversen, Tjernström, and Bintanja, 2016;Mortin, Svensson, Graversen, Kapsch, Stroeve, and Boisvert, 2016;Lee, Kwon, Yeh, Kwon, Park, Park et al, 2017;Gimeno, Vázquez, Eiras-Barca, Sorí, Algarra, and Nieto, 2019;He, Hu, Chen, Wang, Huang, and Stamnes, 2019). The reason for the abnormally low LWN in May is mainly related to the abnormally low cloud water, and has nothing to do with water vapor and the latent heat-transport convergence (Figures 5A,B).…”

Long-term changes in precipitation in the eastern portion of the Guanabara Bay hydrographic region, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

“…Changes in precipitation extremes and characteristics at both regional and global scales due to climate change and variability need to be investigated [3,4]. Various characteristics of precipitation have been studied in relation to ongoing climate change, such as precipitation amounts, intensity, and extremes [5][6][7]. In the context of extremes events of precipitation, the annual maximum daily rainfall (Pmax) is defined as an important key [8,9] for intensity-duration-frequency events [10,11].…”

“…In recent years with growing concerns about environmental degradation and about soil water conservation, the interest in Pmax standards is growing, since several methodologies and applications depend on Pmax, such as studies of intensity-durationfrequency, daily rainfall disaggregation, water resources planning, design, and management [7,10,12,13]. Trend analysis has proved to be a useful tool for these applications since trend detection of hydrological variables such as streamflow and precipitation provides useful information on the possibility of changing the trend of variables in the future [4,12,14].…”