Extreme-groups designs in studies of dimensional phenomena: Advantages, caveats, and recommendations.

Fisher, Joscelyn E.; Guha, Anika; Heller, Wendy; Miller, Gregory A.

doi:10.1037/abn0000480

Cited by 48 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The question of whether early or late attention biases are evident among adults with a history of childhood abuse was investigated using ERPs and RT during an emotion-word Stroop task. A categorical (extreme-groups) analysis approach (Fisher et al, 2020), commonly implemented in the abuse literature (Bradley et al, 2008;Gibb et al, 2009;Heim et al, 2009), revealed evidence of early reduced attention. Specifically, N200 amplitude prompted by emotionally arousing words was smaller than for neutral words over right hemisphere among adults with a history of moderate-to-severe childhood abuse.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, a dimensional approach has the potential to clarify the role of childhood trauma as a risk factor that may operate on a spectrum (McLaughlin & Sheridan, 2016). Such an approach also allows for an investigation of the relationships among the factors of interest (experience of abuse, psychopathology, attention abnormality) in a larger sample size (Fisher, Guha, Heller, & Miller, 2020).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Childhood abuse history and attention bias in adults

et al. 2020

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Attention biases toward unpleasant information are evident among children and adults with a history of abuse and have been identified as a potential pathway through which abused children develop psychopathology. Identifying whether a history of childhood abuse affects the time course of attention biases in adults is critical, as this may provide intervention targets. The present study examined the time course of attention bias during an emotion‐word Stroop task using event‐related potentials (ERPs) in a sample of adults with a range of child abuse histories using a categorical approach (comparing adults with or without a history of moderate‐to‐severe childhood abuse) and a dimensional approach (analyzing the range from no abuse to severe abuse in a continuous manner). Although behavioral performance did not vary as a function of abuse history, adults with a history of moderate‐to‐severe childhood abuse showed ERP evidence of early reduced processing of emotional stimuli (smaller N200) and later reduced processing of emotional and nonemotional stimuli (smaller P300), followed by later increased processing of unpleasant stimuli (larger slow wave [SW]). Results suggest that early disengagement from emotional stimuli may help individuals with moderate‐to‐severe abuse histories to achieve normal behavioral performance on the emotion‐word Stroop task. Additionally, regardless of analytic approach, adults with elevated levels of childhood abuse exhibited prolonged engagement (larger SW) specifically with unpleasant stimuli. Present results demonstrate attention bias patterns in adults with a history of childhood abuse and clarify the time course of attention bias. Results are discussed in the context of potential treatment implications.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

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Childhood abuse history and attention bias in adults

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“…Alternatively, one study divided participants based on high and low levels of self-reported hypomanic personality (Schonfelder et al, 2017). This study was not included due to such groupings' tendencies to artificially inflate effect sizes (Borenstein et al, 2009;Fisher et al, 2020). Third, to reduce potential confounding effects, studies were rejected if participants were selected based on any criteria extraneous to the meta-analysis (e.g., health anxiety; Brady & Lohr, 2014).…”

Section: Inclusion/exclusion Criteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Doing so severely undercuts the analysis of reinforcement sensitivity's role in bipolar disorders. Unless participants are grouped by current mood state (e.g., Van der Gucht et al, 2009), it is likely that any study's findings are a function of the specific sample's proportion of participants currently experiencing manic vs depressive symptoms (Fisher et al, 2020;Tohen et al, 2009). Other studies have taken steps to either group participants based on mood state (e.g., Katz, BA, Naftalovich, H, Matanky, K & Yovel, I (2021).…”

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confidence: 99%

The dual-system theory of bipolar spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis

Katz

Naftalovich

Matanky

et al. 2021

Clinical Psychology Review

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Bipolar spectrum disorders are characterized by alternating intervals of extreme positive and negative affect. We performed a meta-analysis to test the hypothesis that such disorders would be related to dysregulated reinforcement sensitivity. First, we reviewed 23 studies that reported the correlation between self-report measures of (hypo)manic personality and measures of reinforcement sensitivity. A large relationship was found between (hypo)manic personality and BAS sensitivity (g = .74), but not with BIS sensitivity (g =-.08). This stands in contrast to self-reported depression which has a small, negative relationship with BAS sensitivity and a large positive one with BIS sensitivity (Katz et al., 2020). Next, we reviewed 33 studies that compared reinforcement sensitivity between euthymic, bipolar participants and healthy controls. There, bipolar disorder had a small, positive relationship with BAS sensitivity (g = .20) and a medium, positive relationship with BIS sensitivity (g = .64). These findings support a dual-system theory of bipolar disorders, wherein BAS sensitivity is more closely related to mania and BIS sensitivity more closely to bipolar depression. Bipolar disorders show diatheses for both states with euthymic participants being BAS-and BIS-hypersensitive. Implications for further theory and research practice are expounded upon in the discussion. Highlights: Mania is positively associated with BAS sensitivity. Conversely, bipolar depression is positively associated with BIS sensitivity. Both risk factors are present in euthymic bipolar disorder. BAS sensitivity is strongly associated with self-reported nonclinical (hypo)manic severity. Findings support a dual-system approach to bipolar disorders.

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“…There were 2178 individuals screened in total, with 16.6% scoring above 70 and 58.8% scoring below 60. The decision to use people with scores of 60 or below for the non-borderline group was to ensure that the comparison group included a wide range of people in the mid-range of scores, which is recommended when using extreme groups recruitment (Fisher, Guha, Heller, & Miller, 2020). Following the initial screening, eligible participants were invited to sign up for the study where we opened an equal number of slots for borderline features and non-borderline groups.…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Levels of Personality Functioning Predicting Daily Affect Stress and Self-Efficacy

Am¹,

Veilleux²

2020

Preprint

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According to the DSM-5 alterative model of personality disorders (AMPD), severity of personality dysfunction theoretically involves deficits in identity, self-direction, empathy, and intimacy. We predicted that people with greater personality dysfunction would experience more problems in daily life, particularly problems associated with self-efficacy for engaging with affect and self-control (i.e., subjective willpower and distress intolerance), along with greater intensity of life stressors and higher perceived invalidation from others. Using ecological momentary assessment, participants (N = 99) were randomly prompted seven times a day for one week, where they were asked questions about momentary affect, their perceived level of momentary distress tolerance, and their momentary willpower. Each night they were also asked about stressors experienced that day and intensity of their subjective response to those stressors, and their daily experience of being invalidated. Results found that higher personality dysfunction, assessed at baseline, predicted greater daily negative affect, less daily positive affect, more intensely experienced stressors, and more perceived invalidation. We also found that personality dysfunction interacted with positive affect in predicting momentary self-efficacy and daily invalidation; people with greater personality dysfunction experienced lower momentary willpower, higher distress intolerance and stronger perceived invalidation alongside lower positive affect. These findings provide evidence that personality functioning influences daily life, as well as support the use of the AMPD in conceptualizing personality pathology

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Extreme-groups designs in studies of dimensional phenomena: Advantages, caveats, and recommendations.

Cited by 48 publications

References 36 publications

Childhood abuse history and attention bias in adults

Childhood abuse history and attention bias in adults

The dual-system theory of bipolar spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis

Levels of Personality Functioning Predicting Daily Affect Stress and Self-Efficacy

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