Extreme frictional processes in the volcanic conduit of Mount St. Helens (USA) during the 2004–2008 eruption

Kendrick, Jackie E.; Lavallée, Yan; Ferk, A.; Perugini, Diego; Leonhardt, Roman; Dingwell, Donald B.

doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2011.10.003

Cited by 58 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…No fabrics indicative of shear (i.e., C-S fabric like described in fault gouges by Cashman et al (2008) and Kendrick et al (2012)) or preferred orientation of clasts is observed in these rocks. Devitrification textures or shapes suggestive of glass shards were not identified.…”

Section: S Kolzenburg Et Al: Strength and Permeability Recovery Of mentioning

confidence: 61%

“…St. Helens, USA (Cashman et al, 2008;Kendrick et al, 2012;Kennedy et al, 2009) and Mt. Unzen, Japan (Nakada et al, 1999).…”

Section: The Host Rock Seems Tuffisized Ie Infiltrated By the Tuffmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tuffisites create or use pre-existing fracture networks producing an anastomosing pattern of ash-filled veins (Stasiuk et al, 1996;Tuffen et al, 2003), whereas shear zones tend to form linear, or in the case of erupting lava spines, annular patterns (Cashman et al, 2008;Friedlander, 2012). Structurally, tuffisites are massive or show bedding structures resulting from the transport in a fluidized state (Tuffen et al, 2003), whilst shear zones are foliated and/or commonly develop a C-S-shear fabric (Kendrick et al, 2012). One does not however preclude the other; tuffisites can potentially be sourced from shear zones simply by later gas fluidization of the fine-grained cataclastic material.…”

Section: The Host Rock Seems Tuffisized Ie Infiltrated By the Tuffmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Strength and permeability recovery of tuffisite-bearing andesite

Kolzenburg

Heap

Lavallée³

et al. 2012

Solid Earth

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Abstract. Tuffisites, the products of subsurface fragmentation, transport and deposition, are common in explosive volcanic environments. Their study provides direct insight to the mechanical processes operating within volcanic conduits. Here we document the influence of the presence of coherent tuffisite veins on the physical properties of andesitic rocks. We find that (1) compressive strength is unaffected by the presence and/or orientation of tuffisites, (2) permeability doubles when tuffisites are oriented favorably (at 45 • to the fluid flow direction), and (3) ultrasonic wave velocities show a continuous increase with depth, independent of vein presence and orientation. Although the influence of tuffisites on andesitic rock properties determined here is modest, we emphasize that the material tested represents the post-eruptive state of tuffisite. Thus, these results likely delineate the upper and lower boundaries of strength vs. permeability and porosity, respectively. Our evidence suggests that, via compaction and lithification, tuffisites may restore the strength of the volcanic host-rocks to that of their pre-tuffisite values.

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Section: S Kolzenburg Et Al: Strength and Permeability Recovery Of mentioning

confidence: 61%

“…St. Helens, USA (Cashman et al, 2008;Kendrick et al, 2012;Kennedy et al, 2009) and Mt. Unzen, Japan (Nakada et al, 1999).…”

Section: The Host Rock Seems Tuffisized Ie Infiltrated By the Tuffmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Host Rock Seems Tuffisized Ie Infiltrated By the Tuffmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Strength and permeability recovery of tuffisite-bearing andesite

Kolzenburg

Heap

Lavallée³

et al. 2012

Solid Earth

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“…These are characteristic of dilation where brittle failure of magma results in tension gashes that rotate into sigmoidal shapes and are influenced by phenocryst and remnant pore location (Kendrick et al, 2012;Lavallée et al, 2013). The ragged pore walls in places indicate the magma was torn slowly (unlike straight failure planes produced at high shear rates; see Lavallée et al, 2013).…”

Section: Controls On Lava Dome Morphologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Textural Insights Into the Evolving Lava Dome Cycles at Santiaguito Lava Dome, Guatemala

et al. 2018

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The structures and textures preserved in lava domes reflect underlying magmatic and eruptive processes, and may provide evidence of how eruptions initiate and evolve. This study explores the remarkable cycles in lava extrusion style produced between 1922 and 2012 at the Santiaguito lava dome complex, Guatemala. By combining an examination of eruptive lava morphologies and textures with a review of historical records, we aim to constrain the processes responsible for the range of erupted lava type and morphologies. The Santiaguito lava dome complex is divided into four domes (El Caliente, La Mitad, El Monje, El Brujo), containing a range of proximal structures (e.g., spines) from which a series of structurally contrasting lava flows originate. Vesicular lava flows (with a'a like, yet non-brecciated flow top) have the highest porosity with interconnected spheroidal pores and may transition into blocky lava flows. Blocky lava flows are high volume and texturally variable with dense zones of small tubular aligned pore networks and more porous zones of spheroidal shaped pores. Spines are dense and low volume and contain small skeletal shaped pores, and subvertical zones of sigmoidal pores. We attribute the observed differences in pore shapes to reflect shallow inflation, deflation, flattening, or shearing of the pore fraction. Effusion rate and duration of the eruption define the amount of time available for heating or cooling, degassing and outgassing prior to and during extrusion, driving changes in pore textures and lava type. Our new textural data when reviewed with all the other published data allow a cyclic model to be developed. The cyclic eruption models are influenced by viscosity changes resulting from (1) initial magmatic composition and temperature, and (2) effusion rate which in turn affects degassing, outgassing and cooling time in the conduit. Each lava type presents a unique set of hazards and understanding the morphologies and dome progression is useful in hazard forecasting.

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“…Endogenous growth proceeds as long as pervasive viscous and/or plastic deformation mechanisms dominate, but upon strain localization and shear rupture, growth may proceed exogenously (Watts et al, 2002), generating distinct nondestructive, low-frequency, seismic signals (Neuberg et al, 2006) and may, upon further seismic slip, erect spine-like structures (Kendrick et al, 2012). The buildup of internal gas pressure is a threat to the structural stability of lava domes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconstructing magma failure and the degassing network of dome-building eruptions

Lavallée¹,

Benson²,

Heap³

et al. 2013

Geology

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International audienceVolcanic eruptions are regulated by the rheology of magmas and their ability to degas. Both detail the evolution of stresses within ascending subvolcanic magma. But as magma is forced through the ductile brittle transition, new pathways emerge as cracks nucleate, propagate, and coalesce, constructing a permeable network. Current analyses of magma dynamics center on models of the glass transition, neglecting important aspects such as incremental strain accommodation and (the key monitoring tool of) seismicity. Here, in a combined-methods study, we report the ﬁrst high-resolution (20 μm) neutron-computed tomography and microseismic monitoring of magma failure under controlled experimental conditions. The data reconstruction reveals that a competition between extensional and shear fracturing modes controls the total magnitude of strain-to-failure and importantly, the geometry and efﬁciency of the permeable fracture network that regulates degassing events. Extrapolation of our ﬁndings yields magma ascent via strain localization along conduit margins, thereby providing an explanation for gas-and-ash explosions along arcuate fractures at active lava domes. We conclude that a coupled deformation-seismicity analysis holds a derivation of fracture mechanisms and network, and thus holds potential application in forecasting technologies

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Extreme frictional processes in the volcanic conduit of Mount St. Helens (USA) during the 2004–2008 eruption

Cited by 58 publications

References 72 publications

Strength and permeability recovery of tuffisite-bearing andesite

Strength and permeability recovery of tuffisite-bearing andesite

Textural Insights Into the Evolving Lava Dome Cycles at Santiaguito Lava Dome, Guatemala

Reconstructing magma failure and the degassing network of dome-building eruptions

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