Extreme events in systems with discontinuous boundaries

Emergence and mitigation of extreme events in a parametrically driven system with velocity-dependent potential

“…This confirms the vanishing of sparser points as f increases. This kind of suppression is an intriguing feature that occur in (4). Usually, in many single systems, extreme events occur on the introduction of external forcing.…”

“…IV, we focussed our attention on how extreme events occur in the system (4) without any external forcing. When we intended to analyse the effect of external forcing on system (4), we find that external forcing acts as a simple tool in mitigating extreme events in (4). One of the salient features of the study of extreme events is to investigate how extreme events can be controlled in the dynamical system under concern.…”

“…[12][13][14][15]. As far as the dynamical systems are concerned, these events occur in FitzHugh-Nagumo oscillators, Hindmarsh-Rose model, climatic models, Linéard system, memristor-based Linénard system, micromechanical system, electronic circuits, coupled Ikeda map, network of moving agents, network of Josephson junctions, dispersive wave models, Ginzburg-Landau model and nonlinear Schrödinger equation [4,5,8,[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. Further, in real-time engineering applications, these events are found in laser systems, plasma, optical fibers, and superfluid helium [6,7,28,29].…”

“…In isolated systems, extreme events are found to occur as a result of an interior crisis, due to intermittent expansion, a stick-slip bifurcation, and collision of a chaotic attractor with the saddle orbit [4,5,12,24]. As far as coupled systems are concerned, extreme events are found to occur by a variety of mechanisms such as the breakdown of quasiperiodicity, instability in the antiphase synchronization [22], the opening of channel like structure [16], and the prototype events acting as precursors [5].…”

“…Parametrically driven system without external forcing is very interesting because the system is not influenced by any external force but still is being driven inherently, which is more realistic. Optics is an important area where parametric drive refers to the loss modulation [4,49,50]. Also, as mentioned earlier, the system that we consider has a velocity dependent potential.…”