Extreme events as shaping physiology, ecology, and evolution of plants: toward a unified definition and evaluation of their consequences

Gutschick, Vincent P.; BassiriRad, Hormoz

doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00866.x

Cited by 429 publications

(415 citation statements)

References 226 publications

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“…Physiological adjustments in plants (e.g. rapid changes to stomatal aperture) operate to avoid the potentially irreversible functional damages a climatic stress can impose [19] and the associated fitness costs to the organism [27]. Physiological impacts to individuals will vary by the type of climate extreme experienced [19].…”

Section: Scaling Individual Plant Responses To the Population And Commentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For our purposes, we consider experimental, observational and opportunistic studies that assessed plant responses to climatically extreme conditions irrespective of the magnitude of the ecological responses. As a result, we do not limit our review to the climatic driver and ecological response definition proposed by Smith [6], or to an organismal focused definition, such as proposed by Gutschick & BassiriRad [27]. Instead, our approach was motivated towards improving an understanding of the ecological mechanisms that may underlie the variability in ecosystem resistance and resilience to periods of climatically extreme conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Integrating plant ecological responses to climate extremes from individual to ecosystem levels

Felton

Smith

2017

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

101

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Climate extremes will elicit responses from the individual to the ecosystem level. However, only recently have ecologists begun to synthetically assess responses to climate extremes across multiple levels of ecological organization. We review the literature to examine how plant responses vary and interact across levels of organization, focusing on how individual, population and community responses may inform ecosystem-level responses in herbaceous and forest plant communities. We report a high degree of variability at the individual level, and a consequential inconsistency in the translation of individual or population responses to directional changes in community- or ecosystem-level processes. The scaling of individual or population responses to community or ecosystem responses is often predicated upon the functional identity of the species in the community, in particular, the dominant species. Furthermore, the reported stability in plant community composition and functioning with respect to extremes is often driven by processes that operate at the community level, such as species niche partitioning and compensatory responses during or after the event. Future research efforts would benefit from assessing ecological responses across multiple levels of organization, as this will provide both a holistic and mechanistic understanding of ecosystem responses to increasing climatic variability. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Behavioural, ecological and evolutionary responses to extreme climatic events’.

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Section: Scaling Individual Plant Responses To the Population And Commentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrating plant ecological responses to climate extremes from individual to ecosystem levels

Felton

Smith

2017

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

101

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“…Los agentes de disturbio afectan distintos niveles de organización, que pueden moldear propiedades del suelo, condiciones ambientales y comunidades bióticas (Pickett et al 1989;Gutschick and BassiriRad 2003), así como al flujo de energía y reciclado de nutrientes. En particular, los disturbios que provocan las erupciones volcánicas suelen afectar áreas geográficas extensas y ambientes físicos y bióticos heterogéneos (Dale et al 2005).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

La deposición de cenizas volcánicas modula la descomposición de hojarasca en bosques de Nothofagus dombeyi del norte de Patagonia

2018

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RESUMEN.Los disturbios generados por erupciones volcánicas son parte de la dinámica natural de los ecosistemas. La formación de suelo y el reciclado de nutrientes dependen de la descomposición tanto de la materia orgánica enterrada bajo las cenizas como de la broza vegetal aportada luego del disturbio. Este trabajo examinó la descomposición de hojarasca en bosques de coihue (Nothofagus dombeyi) afectados por la deposición de cenizas emitidas en 2011 por el complejo Volcán Puyehue-Cordón Caulle en la Patagonia. El estudio incluyó dos sitios a diferentes distancias del volcán, con distinta cantidad de cenizas y precipitación anual (1600-1900 mm/año). En cada sitio se marcaron dos parcelas, una con presencia y otra con ausencia de pastoreo de vacunos (>50 años). En cada parcela se determinó la pérdida de masa de hojarasca de coihue luego de un año de incubación, en tres posiciones (n=8 bloques/parcela): sobre suelo bajo cenizas, sobre suelo sin cenizas y sobre las cenizas. La hojarasca bajo cenizas se descompuso un 74% más rápido en el sitio más húmedo que en el más seco. La descomposición fue más lenta sobre la capa de cenizas que sobre el suelo orgánico, y ese efecto fue más evidente en el sitio más cercano al volcán que en el más alejado (19% vs. 9%). La descomposición sobre el suelo fue equivalente en los tratamientos con y sin la capa superficial de cenizas. La descomposición fue menor en parcelas con vs. sin pastoreo, pero la influencia de pastoreo no modificó las diferencias de descomposición entre posiciones sobre cenizas vs. sobre el suelo. Los resultados muestran que la comunidad de descomponedores se mantiene activa en suelos de bosques con deposición de cenizas, lo que contribuiría a mantener el suministro de nutrientes para la vegetación luego de la erupción volcánica.[Palabras clave: disturbios naturales, erupciones volcánicas, funcionamiento del ecosistema, gradiente ambiental, pastoreo histórico] A��. Volcanic ash deposition modulates leaf-li�er decomposition in Nothofagus dombeyi forests of NW Patagonia. Disturbances produced by volcanic eruptions are part of natural ecosystem dynamics. Soil formation and nutrient cycling depend on the decomposition both of organic ma�er buried under the ashes and on the li�er produced after the disturbance. Here we evaluated leaf li�er decomposition in Nothofagus dombeyi (coihue) forests affected by massive ash deposition from the 2011 eruption of the Volcán Puyehue-Cordón Caulle complex in NW Patagonia, Argentina. The study comprised two sites at different distances from the volcano, with different amounts of ash and annual precipitation (1600-1900 mm/year). In each site, two plots were delimited, with and without long-term livestock grazing (>50 years). N. dombeyi li�er mass loss after one year was estimated in three positions (n=8 blocks/plot): on organic soil and under the ash layer, on organic soil after removal of ashes, and on top of the ash layer. Leaf li�er beneath the ash layer was decomposed 74% faster in the we�er site than in the drier site. Deco...

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“…Additionally, rain use efficiency also increases with water scarcity, meaning that less water is lost through runoff (Gutschick and BassiriRad, 2003; Huxman et al, 2004). (2) In wet years, other resources like nutrient availability, may increase with increasing precipitation, contributing to a supplementary increase of ANPP (Knapp et al, 2017b;Seastedt and Knapp, 1993).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Knapp et al (2017b) proposed the following underlying mechanisms: (1) In dry years, the carry-over effects of soil moisture from previous years alleviate strong declines of ANPP (Sala et al, 2012), which is usually treated as a time-lag effect 15 (Wu et al, 2015). Additionally, rain use efficiency also increases with water scarcity, meaning that less water is lost through runoff (Gutschick and BassiriRad, 2003;Huxman et al, 2004). (2) In wet years, other resources like nutrient availability, may increase with increasing precipitation, contributing to a supplementary increase of ANPP (Knapp et al, 2017b;Seastedt and Knapp, 1993).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Asymmetric Responses of Primary Productivity to Altered Precipitation Simulated by Ecosystem Models across Three Longterm Grassland Sites

Wu¹,

Ciais²,

Viovy³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Changes in precipitation variability are known to influence grassland growth. Field measurements of aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) in temperate grasslands suggest that both positive and negative asymmetric responses to changes in precipitation may occur. Under normally variable precipitation regimes, wet years typically result in ANPP gains being larger 5 than ANPP declines in dry years (positive asymmetry), whereas increases in ANPP are lower in magnitude in extreme wet years compared to reductions during extreme drought (negative asymmetry). Whether ecosystem models that couple carbonwater system in grasslands are capable of simulating these non-symmetrical ANPP responses is an unresolved question. In this study, we evaluated the simulated responses of temperate grassland primary productivity to scenarios of altered precipitation with fourteen ecosystem models at three sites, Shortgrass Steppe (SGS), Konza Prairie (KNZ) and Stubai Valley meadow 10 (STU), spanning a rainfall gradient from dry to moist. We found that: (1) Gross primary productivity (GPP), NPP, ANPP and belowground NPP (BNPP) showed concave-down nonlinear response curves to altered precipitation in all the models, but with different curvatures and mean values. (2) The slopes of spatial relationships (across sites) between modeled primary productivity and precipitation were steeper than the temporal slopes obtained from inter-annual variations, consistent with empirical data. (3) The asymmetry of the responses of modeled primary productivity under normal inter-annual precipitation 15 variability differed among models, and the median of the model-ensemble suggested a negative asymmetry across the three sites, in contrast to empirical studies. (4) The median sensitivity of modeled productivity to rainfall consistently suggested greater negative impacts with reduced precipitation than positive effects with increased precipitation under extreme conditions. This study indicates that most models overestimate the extent of negative drought effects and/or underestimate the impacts of increased precipitation on primary productivity under normal climate conditions, highlighting the need for improving eco- 20hydrological processes in models. IntroductionPrecipitation is a key climatic determinant of ecosystem productivity, especially in grasslands which limits productivity over the majority of the globe (Lambers et al., 2008;Sala et al., 1988;Hsu et al., 2012;Beer et al., 2010). Climate models project substantial changes in amounts and frequencies of precipitation regimes worldwide, and this is supported by observational 25 data (Karl and Trenberth, 2003; Donat et al., 2016;Fischer and Knutti, 2016). Potential for increasing occurrence and severity of droughts and increased heavy rainfall events related to global warming will likely affect grassland growth Gherardi and Sala, 2015;Lau et al., 2013;Reichstein et al., 2013). As a consequence, better understanding of the responses of grassland productivity to altered precipitation is needed ...

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Extreme events as shaping physiology, ecology, and evolution of plants: toward a unified definition and evaluation of their consequences

Cited by 429 publications

References 226 publications

Integrating plant ecological responses to climate extremes from individual to ecosystem levels

Integrating plant ecological responses to climate extremes from individual to ecosystem levels

La deposición de cenizas volcánicas modula la descomposición de hojarasca en bosques de Nothofagus dombeyi del norte de Patagonia

Asymmetric Responses of Primary Productivity to Altered Precipitation Simulated by Ecosystem Models across Three Longterm Grassland Sites

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