Extreme adaptive life‐cycle in a high arctic aphid,<i>Acyrthosiphon svalbardicum</i>

Strathdee, A. T.; Bale, J. S.; Block, William; Webb, N. R.; Hodkinson, I. D.; Coulson, S.J.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1993.tb01098.x

Cited by 48 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(15 reference statements)

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“…On the other hand, it has also been reported that stem mothers produce sexual morphs under very short days in Drepanosiphum platanoides and Eucallipterus tiliae in Scotland (Dixon, 1972(Dixon, , 1971. Stem mothers of Acyrthosiphon brevicorne and Acyrthosiphon svalbardicum living in high arctic regions, where the season for growth and reproduction is shorter than in temperate regions, produce sexual morphs in natural conditions (Strathdee et al, 1993;Strathdee and Bale, 1996). Thus, the strength and duration of the seasonal timer should be adaptive to local climates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transgenerational seasonal timer for suppression of sexual morph production in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum

Matsuda

Kanbe

Akimoto

et al. 2017

Journal of Insect Physiology

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Many aphid species switch reproductive modes seasonally, with the sexual generations appearing in autumn. Sexual generations are induced by short days. It has been reported that the appearance of sexual morphs is suppressed by a transgenerational factor (a seasonal timer) over several generations after hatching from overwintered eggs. The present study examined whether the seasonal timer measures the number of days from hatching or the number of generations from hatching using the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris (Homoptera: Aphididae). Effects of temperature and photoperiod on the seasonal timer were also examined by successive rearing. The ability to produce sexual morphs was strongly suppressed in stem mothers (the foundress generation), and gradually recovered over successive generations produced during a few months. The duration for which the seasonal timer could function depended on the number of days from hatching and temperature, but not on photoperiod or the number of generations from hatching. We thus showed in a single study that the seasonal timer of the pea aphid has all the physiological characteristics shown in separate studies in different aphid species.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transgenerational seasonal timer for suppression of sexual morph production in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum

Matsuda

Kanbe

Akimoto

et al. 2017

Journal of Insect Physiology

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“…These low SCP values were linked to long-term cold hardiness in which 80% of eggs survived for a month at -30°C (Strathdee et al, 1995). The life cycle of A. svalbardicum is genetically programmed (unlike temperate aphids) with a minimum of two generations (fundatrix and the sexual morphs, ovipara and male) and a maximum of three generations, in which the fundatrix produces some viviparae (in addition to the males and oviparae) and these give rise to a third generation consisting exclusively of the two sexual morphs (Strathdee et al, 1993b). Developmental analyses found that 470 day-degrees above a threshold of 0°C were required to complete the two generation egg r fundatrix r sexual morphs r egg life cycle whereas 710 day-degrees were required for the egg r fundatrix r vivipara r sexual morphs r egg route (Strathdee et al, 1993a).…”

Section: Impacts Of Climate Warming On Insect Overwinteringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insect overwintering in a changing climate

Bale

Hayward

2010

Journal of Experimental Biology

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650

542

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SummaryInsects are highly successful animals inhabiting marine, freshwater and terrestrial habitats from the equator to the poles. As a group, insects have limited ability to regulate their body temperature and have thus required a range of strategies to support life in thermally stressful environments, including behavioural avoidance through migration and seasonal changes in cold tolerance. With respect to overwintering strategies, insects have traditionally been divided into two main groups: freeze tolerant and freeze avoiding, although this simple classification is underpinned by a complex of interacting processes, i.e. synthesis of ice nucleating agents, cryoprotectants, antifreeze proteins and changes in membrane lipid composition. Also, in temperate and colder climates, the overwintering ability of many species is closely linked to the diapause state, which often increases cold tolerance ahead of temperature-induced seasonal acclimatisation. Importantly, even though most species can invoke one or both of these responses, the majority of insects die from the effects of cold rather than freezing. Most studies on the effects of a changing climate on insects have focused on processes that occur predominantly in summer (development, reproduction) and on changes in distributions rather than winter survival per se. For species that routinely experience cold stress, a general hypothesis would be that predicted temperature increases of 1°C to 5°C over the next 50-100 years would increase winter survival in some climatic zones. However, this is unlikely to be a universal effect. Negative impacts may occur if climate warming leads to a reduction or loss of winter snow cover in polar and sub-polar areas, resulting in exposure to more severe air temperatures, increasing frequency of freeze-thaw cycles and risks of ice encasement. Likewise, whilst the dominant diapause-inducing cue (photoperiod) will be unaffected by global climate change, higher temperatures may modify normal rates of development, leading to a decoupling of synchrony between diapause-sensitive life-cycle stages and critical photoperiods for diapause induction. In terms of climate warming and potential heat stress, the most recent predictions of summer temperatures in Europe of 40°C or higher in 50-75 years, are close to the current upper lethal limit of some insects. Long-term data sets on insect distributions and the timing of annual migrations provide strong evidence for 'positive' responses to higher winter temperatures over timescales of the past 20-50 years in North America, Europe and Asia.

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“…2, 4). Sex ratios, measured as the proportion of males to winged females (Ward and Wellings 1994), were usually less than 1: 1, and lowest (<0.35: 1) for Me2 (Table 1). Me2 produced less than 20% males at any photoperiod, compared with 30-40% for the other clones ( Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

REVISION OF NORTH AMERICANAGABUSLEACH (COLEOPTERA: DYTISCIDAE): THESERIATUS-GROUP

Larson

1997

Can Entomol

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The Canadian Eiztomologist 129: 1035 -1048 (1997) Photoperiodic responses are described for five clones of the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) (Homoptera: Aphididae), from Manitoba, Canada, a region with a strongly seasonal, continental climate. When exposed to long nights, parthenogenetic wingless females produce winged males and parthenogenetic winged females that subsequently produce mating females. The young adult males and winged females are restless and take flight readily, which is typical of a postteneral migratory phase that could carry them to a winter host. These traits are characteristic of host-alternating species. However, wingless females also produce mating females, and winged females also produce parthenogenetic wingless females, traits which are characteristic of nonhost-alternating species. Clones differ in the frequencies of phenotypes they produce, some being more host-alternating than others. Critical night lengths are shortest and frequencies of males highest for clones that are closest to the host-alternating type of life cycle. The importance of phenotypic and genotypic plasticity in the life cycle is discussed. -Lamb, R.J., et P.A. MacKay. 1997. PhotopCriodisme et plasticite du cycle biologique chez un puceron, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, du centre de 1'AmCrique du Nord. The Canadian Entomologist 129 : 1035-1048.On trouvera ici la description des rCactions B la photopCriode chez cinq clones du Puceron de la pomme de terre, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) (Homoptera: Aphididae), du Manitoba, Canada, rCgion au climat continental fortement saisonnier. Lorsque les nuits sont longues, les femelles aptbres parthCnogCnCtiques produisent des m2les ailCs et des femelles ailCes parthCnogCnCtiques qui produiront Cventuellement des femelles reproductrices. Les jeunes adultes m2les et les femelles ailCes sont agitCes et s'envolent spontankment, un comportement typique des adultes migrateurs et qui peut les emporter vers un h8te ou ils passeront I'hiver. Ces caractCristiques sont particulibres aux espbces dioeciques. Cependant, les femelles aptbres produisent aussi des femelles reproductrices et les femelles ailCes produisent aussi des femelles aptbres parthCnogCnCtiques, propriCtCs typiques d'une espkce monoecique. Les clones diffbrent quant 2i la frCquence des phCnotypes qu'ils produisent et certains sont plus dioeciques que d'autres. La durCe critique des nuits est plus courte et la frCquence des mzles, plus ClevCe chez les cl8nes qui ont plus tendance a changer d'h8te. L'importance de la plasticit6 phCnotypique et gCnotypique du cycle biologique est examinke. [Traduit par la RCdaction] '

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Extreme adaptive life‐cycle in a high arctic aphid,Acyrthosiphon svalbardicum

Cited by 48 publications

References 23 publications

Transgenerational seasonal timer for suppression of sexual morph production in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum

Transgenerational seasonal timer for suppression of sexual morph production in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum

Insect overwintering in a changing climate

REVISION OF NORTH AMERICANAGABUSLEACH (COLEOPTERA: DYTISCIDAE): THESERIATUS-GROUP

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