Extraversion-introversion as a dimension of personality: A reappraisal.

Carrigan, Patricia M.

doi:10.1037/h0045451

Cited by 99 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 74 publications

(37 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Despite decades of research, it is still an open question whether extroverts are at all sociable and whether the sociable impression they make is due to their interest in people or to other causes (e.g., to tendencies to maintain cortical arousal, decrease anxiety, and exercise assertiveness (Carrigan, 1960;Hundleby et al, 1965, p. 295;Wilson, 1977). We found no positive indications suggesting that extroverts are interested in people (e.g., there were no correlations of extroversion with "Domain of Application," Dim.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Cognitive Foundations of Personality Traits

Kreitler¹,

Kreitler²

1990

101

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Cognitive Foundations of Personality Traits

Kreitler¹,

Kreitler²

1990

101

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The scales on the EPQ have been criticized for lacking empirical coherence, particularly by repeated claims that each reflects dual underlying constructs. For example, the Extraversion scale has long been questioned as possibly reflecting both sociability and impulsiveness (Carrigan, 1960; Guilford, 1975), while the Lie scale may reflect both faking and social conformity (Francis, Pearson, & Stubbs, 1991). Eysenck himself argued that other personality constructs were subsumed under Psychoticism, for example, the FFM dimensions of Agreeableness and Conscientiousness (Eysenck, 1995), which may account for the relatively poor internal consistency of the scale (Ng, Cooper, & Chandler, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Eysenckian personality factors and their correlations with academic performance

Poropat

2011

British Journal of Educational Psychology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BACKGROUND. The relationship between personality and academic performance has long been explored, and a recent meta-analysis established that measures of the five-factor model (FFM) dimension of Conscientiousness have similar validity to intelligence measures. Although currently dominant, the FFM is only one of the currently accepted models of personality, and has limited theoretical support. In contrast, the Eysenckian personality model was developed to assess a specific theoretical model and is still commonly used in educational settings and research. AIMS. This meta-analysis assessed the validity of the Eysenckian personality measures for predicting academic performance. SAMPLE. Statistics were obtained for correlations with Psychoticism, Extraversion, and Neuroticism (20-23 samples; N from 8,013 to 9,191), with smaller aggregates for the Lie scale (7 samples; N= 3,910). METHODS. The Hunter-Schmidt random effects method was used to estimate population correlations between the Eysenckian personality measures and academic performance. Moderating effects were tested using weighted least squares regression. RESULTS. Significant but modest validities were reported for each scale. Neuroticism and Extraversion had relationships with academic performance that were consistent with previous findings, while Psychoticism appears to be linked to academic performance because of its association with FFM Conscientiousness. Age and educational level moderated correlations with Neuroticism and Extraversion, and gender had no moderating effect. Correlations varied significantly based on the measurement instrument used. CONCLUSIONS. The Eysenckian scales do not add to the prediction of academic performance beyond that provided by FFM scales. Several measurement problems afflict the Eysenckian scales, including low to poor internal reliability and complex factor structures. In particular, the measurement and validity problems of Psychoticism mean its continued use in academic settings is unjustified.

show abstract

“…There is some dispute whether by this criterion introversion/extraversion is one or two scales. Thus, Guilford (1975 and Carrigan (1960) have suggested that it is more useful to consider the subscales of impulsivity and sociability as separate constructs and not to combine them into the higher order factor of introversion/ extraversion. See H. J. Eysenck (1977) for a rebuttal of this position.…”

Section: The Measurement Of I Ntroversion/extraversionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The interactive effect of personality, time of day, and caffeine: A test of the arousal model.

Revelle¹,

Humphreys²,

Simon³

et al. 1980

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

400

230

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SUMMARYThe personality dimension of introversion/extraversion is one of the few personality dimensions that can be reliably identified from study to study and investĝ ator to investigator. The importance of this dimension within personality theory is due both to the stability of the trait and the influential theory of H. J. Eysenck. The basic assumption in Eysenck's theory of introversion/extraversion is that the personality differences between introverts and extraverts reflect some basic difference in the resting level of cortical arousal or activation. Assuming that there is a curvilinear relationship (an inverted U) between levels of stress and performance leads to a test of this arousal theory. That is, moderate increases in stress should hinder the performance of introverts who are presumably already highly aroused. However, the same moderate increase in stress might help the performance of the presumably underaroused extraverts.Revelle, Amaral, and Turriff .reported that the administration of moderate doses of caffeine hindered the performance of introverts and helped the performance of extraverts on a cognitive task-similar to the verbal test of the Graduate Record Examination. Assuming that caffeine increases arousal, this interaction between introversion/extraversion and drug condition supports Eysenck's theory. This interaction was explored in a series of experiments designed to replicate, extend, and test the generality of the original finding. The interaction between personality and drug condition was replicated and extended to additional cognitive performance tasks. However, these interactions were affected by time of day and stage of practice, and the subscales of introversion/extraversion, impulsivity, and sociability, were differentially affected. In the morning of the first day, low impulsives were hindered and high impulsives helped by caffeine. This pattern reversed in the evening of the first day, and it reversed again in the evening of Day 2.We concluded that the results from the first day of testing require a revision of Eysenck's theory. Instead of a stable difference in arousal between low and high impulsives, it appeared that these groups differed in the phase of their diurnal arousal rhythms. The result is that low impulsives are more aroused in the morning and less aroused in the evening than are the high impulsives.A variety of peripheral or strategic explanations (differences in caffeine consumption, guessing strategies, distraction, etc.) for the observed performance increments and decrements were proposed and tentatively rejected. It seems probable that some fundamental change in the efficiency with which information is processed is responsible for these performance changes. One of the few personality dimensions that most personality theorists agree is robust enough to identify from study to study and investigator to investigator is that of introversion/extraversion. It has been shown that this personality dimension can be identified in such varied item sets as behavioral measures ...

show abstract

Extraversion-introversion as a dimension of personality: A reappraisal.

Abstract: s factor also has a loading of ,29 on an objective test factor called Verbal Versatility.

Cited by 99 publications

References 74 publications

The Cognitive Foundations of Personality Traits

The Cognitive Foundations of Personality Traits

The Eysenckian personality factors and their correlations with academic performance

The interactive effect of personality, time of day, and caffeine: A test of the arousal model.

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About