Extraretinal influences on the lateral geniculate nucleus

Burke, William J.; Cole, A.M.

doi:10.1007/3540084665_3

Cited by 93 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 297 publications

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“…This confirms a previous report by Houser et al (1980), who showed that virtually all of the neurons in the rat RNT are GAD+. There are a number of recent reports that emphasize a pathway from RNT to the dLGN (Jones, 1975;Burke and Cole, 1978;Ohara et al, 1980;Montero and Scott, 1981;Hale et al, 1982). Labeling studies using terminal degeneration (Ohara et al, 1980) or [3H]proline (Montero and Scott, 1981) show that the RNT axon terminals in rat dLGN are of the F type.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Evidence for a dLGN interneuron also can be found in electrophysiological recording data that demonstrate retinally driven inhibition onto the projection neuron which is generated by a cell that cannot be antidromically driven from the cortex (Stevens and Gerstein, 1976;Dubin and Cleland, 1977; reviewed by Burke and Cole, 1978). Iontophoretic analysis of this inhibition indicates that it is mediated by y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (Curtis and Tebecis, 1972).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In rat, some inhibitory neurons that affect projection cell activity clearly lie outside of the dLGN; one such population is the marked inhibitory pathway originating in the neurons of the reticular nucleus of the thalamus (RNT) (Sumitomo et al, 1976;Burke and Cole, 1978;Hale et al, 1982). In addition, Houser et al (1980) have shown that most of the neurons in the RNT are positive for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the ratelimiting enzyme for GABA synthesis.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical localization of glutamic acid decarboxylase in monkey geniculate complex: evidence for gabaergic neurons and synapses

Hendrickson¹,

Ogren²,

Vaughn³

et al. 1983

J. Neurosci.

140

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The morphology and distribution of neuronal cell bodies and synapses that utilize y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as a transmitter have been studied in Mczcaca dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (vLGN), and reticular nucleus of the thalamus (RNT). These cells are identified by immunocytochemical staining for the antiserum to the enzyme that synthesizes GABA, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and visualized by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method for light and electron microscopy.In the dLGN, GAD-positive (GAD+) cell bodies are found in all layers and in the interlaminar zones. The neuropil is more heavily labeled in the laminar than the interlaminar zones, with the magnocellular layers being most densely labeled. In the vLGN no stained cell bodies are seen, but the neuropil is intensely GAD+, especially in the retinal input layer. The RNT is just the opposite, with many GAD+ neurons but sparsely labeled neuropil.The GAD+ neurons in dLGN have small cell bodies with a large infolded, unlabeled nucleus. GAD reactivity is found in the thin rim of cytoplasm and in the two to four thick, straight dendrites, and on the cytoplasmic surfaces of mitochondria, Golgi and membraneous cisternae, and vesicles. GAD+ synaptic profiles are found in both pre-and postsynaptic relationships in the dLGN. Some GAD+ profiles are both pre-and postsynaptic in the same section, suggesting that these are presynaptic dendrites. In the laminae, GAD+ presynaptic profiles are very commonly found within synaptic glomeruli where they lie postsynaptic to a retinal axon terminal and presynaptic to an unlabeled dendrite, which also receives input from the retinal terminal. Outside of glomeruli, individual GAD+ profiles are presynaptic to either labeled or unlabeled cell bodies and dendrites. Other GAD+ profiles are postsynaptic to unlabeled F or RSD-type terminals. Individual GAD+ profiles ending on unlabeled or labeled dendrites are found in the interlaminar zones. These data, when combined with previously published work on dLGN circuitry, suggest that GAD+ glomerular profiles are the presynaptic dendrites of the dLGN interneuron, whereas the individual GAD+ contacts arise from axons of RNT neurons.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical localization of glutamic acid decarboxylase in monkey geniculate complex: evidence for gabaergic neurons and synapses

Hendrickson¹,

Ogren²,

Vaughn³

et al. 1983

J. Neurosci.

140

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“…As discussed above, when viewing natural scenes, significant shifts in luminance and anatomical. References to state-dependent transmission can be traced to the early 1950s (reviewed in Burke and Cole, 1978), not long after Moruzzi and Magoun's (1949) original description of the RAS. Gating by state and enhanced transmission within state are well accepted.…”

Section: Commentmentioning

confidence: 99%

The multifunctional lateral geniculate nucleus

Weyand

2016

Reviews in the Neurosciences

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AbstractProviding the critical link between the retina and visual cortex, the well-studied lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) has stood out as a structure in search of a function exceeding the mundane ‘relay’. For many mammals, it is structurally impressive: Exquisite lamination, sophisticated microcircuits, and blending of multiple inputs suggest some fundamental transform. This impression is bolstered by the fact that numerically, the retina accounts for a small fraction of its input. Despite such promise, the extent to which an LGN neuron separates itself from its retinal brethren has proven difficult to appreciate. Here, I argue that whereas retinogeniculate coupling is strong, what occurs in the LGN is judicious pruning of a retinal drive by nonretinal inputs. These nonretinal inputs reshape a receptive field that under the right conditions departs significantly from its retinal drive, even if transiently. I first review design features of the LGN and follow with evidence for 10 putative functions. Only two of these tend to surface in textbooks: parsing retinal axons by eye and functional group and gating by state. Among the remaining putative functions, implementation of the principle of graceful degradation and temporal decorrelation are at least as interesting but much less promoted. The retina solves formidable problems imposed by physics to yield multiple efficient and sensitive representations of the world. The LGN applies context, increasing content, and gates several of these representations. Even if the basic concentric receptive field remains, information transmitted for each LGN spike relative to each retinal spike is measurably increased.

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“…We thus conclude that the property of lagged responsiveness, which is an emergent property of the lateral geniculate nucleus, is a different response mode of the same cells that can also display nonlagged responses, rather than representing different cell classes; furthermore, this switching between response modes is, at least partly, under the control of afferents from the parabrachial region. (1,3,4). These nonretinal inputs derive from local, y-aminobutyric acid-releasing (GABAergic and thus probably inhibitory) neurons, from the visual cortex, and from various brainstem sites (1-4).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brainstem control of response modes in neurons of the cat's lateral geniculate nucleus.

Uhlrich

Tamamaki

Sherman

1990

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The visual pathway from retina through the lateral geniculate nucleus to visual cortex in the cat is comprised of several parallel neuronal streams that independently analyze different aspects of the visual scene. The best known of these are the X and Y pathways that relay through the geniculate A laminae. Recent receptive-field studies of retinal and geniculate neurons suggest that there is a further elaboration of cell types at the level of the lateral geniculate nucleus. That is, two types of geniculate X cells with different temporal patterns of responses to visual stimuli are recognized, one with "nonlagged" features, exhibiting shorter response latencies and another with "lagged" features; all retinal X cells are nonlagged. We asked whether nonlagged and lagged responses represent different cell classes or two response modes of the same cells, perhaps under the control of nonretinal afferents to these relay cells. Accordingly, we studied the effects on appropriate receptive-field properties of electrical activation of the midbrain parabrachial region, which is a major nonretinal input to relay cells. Such parabrachial stimulation made each of the eight lagged X cells much more like nonlagged cells, and this stimulation completely transformed the lagged response profiles of six of the eight cells to nonlagged. We thus conclude that the property of lagged responsiveness, which is an emergent property of the lateral geniculate nucleus, is a different response mode of the same cells that can also display nonlagged responses, rather than representing different cell classes; furthermore, this switching between response modes is, at least partly, under the control of afferents from the parabrachial region. (1,3,4). These nonretinal inputs derive from local, y-aminobutyric acid-releasing (GABAergic and thus probably inhibitory) neurons, from the visual cortex, and from various brainstem sites (1-4). Probably chief among the brainstem afferents are cholinergic axons emanating from the parabrachial region (1, 2).A question still to be addressed is precisely what transformations of retinogeniculate transmission are controlled by these nonretinal afferents. Perhaps the most dramatic recent example of such a transformation stems from evidence that the two main parallel pathways, X and Y (7-9), that innervate the lateral geniculate nucleus from retina are transformed into at least three pathways to cortex. This is because one of them, the X pathway, seems to divide into "nonlagged" and "lagged" classes (10-13). All afferent retinal X axons are of the nonlagged type, which implies that lagged X cells are an emergent property of geniculate circuitry (10,11 Mfl at 100 Hz). We inserted one pair of bipolar stimulating electrodes to straddle the optic chiasm and introduced another into the midbrain parabrachial region (cf. ref. 16). We applied single pulses (50-to 100-,usec duration, 150-700 ,uA) across the chiasm electrodes to activate geniculate cells orthodromically, and we stimulated the parabrachial region wit...

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Extraretinal influences on the lateral geniculate nucleus

Cited by 93 publications

References 297 publications

Light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical localization of glutamic acid decarboxylase in monkey geniculate complex: evidence for gabaergic neurons and synapses

Light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical localization of glutamic acid decarboxylase in monkey geniculate complex: evidence for gabaergic neurons and synapses

The multifunctional lateral geniculate nucleus

Brainstem control of response modes in neurons of the cat's lateral geniculate nucleus.

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