Extrapulmonary tuberculosis: atypical presentation in otorhinolaryngology

Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a major health burden globally more so in low/middle-income countries like India. There is an increase in the prevalence of extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) because of HIV epidemics and increased usage of immunomodulating drugs. EPTB constitutes 15%-20% of all patients with TB and >50% of HIV-TB coinfected patients. We present three such atypical presentations of EPTB in head and neck region. EPTB can mimic any disease, hence knowledge of the unusual presentations helps in making early diagnosis and thereby reduces the morbidity and mortality involved with the disease.

Antituberculosis Drugs (Rifampicin and Isoniazid) Induce Liver Injury by Regulating NLRP3 Inflammasomes

“…Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis [1]. In recent years, extrapulmonary TB infections and atypical TB infections have become more frequently diagnosed [2], and TB remains one of the leading causes of illness and death worldwide [3]. According to a 2016 report by the World Health Organization (WHO), one-third of the world's population (~2 billion people) has been infected with TB [4].…”

Extraganglionary Localization of Tuberculosis in Otorhinolaryngology: Rare Presentations About 29 Cases

“…Parotid tuberculosis is rare, about 200 cases have been described in the literature 1,4 . This remains the most frequent location of the salivary glands [26].…”

“…The primary location is exceptional. The high resistance of the thyroid gland is explained by a very good oxygenation of its parenchyma, by a rich lymphatic drainage system and by a thick fibrous capsule in addition to thyroid hormones and iodine which play a bacteriostatic role 1,4,[30][31][32][33] . In the majority of cases, patients are clinically and biologically euthyroid [31][32][33] , as it was the case for our patient.…”

“…Extranodal ear, nose, and throat (ENT) sites are rare and are dominated by laryngeal localization 3 . The diagnosis is hard to suspect and, given the clinical polymorphism, it could be hard to assess by clinicians if it is not considered, leading to multiple complications and sequelae that could be prevented by an early diagnosis assessment and treatment by chemotherapy [2][3][4] . Thus, the importance of our study where we describe the epidemiological, clinical, therapeutic, and evolutionary profile of rare extra-nodal ENT tuberculosis localizations.…”

Focal ulcero-proliferative gingivitis: A rare presentation of mucosal tuberculosis

“…Besides ulcer, other morphological presentations are erosion, patch, nodule, plaque, vesicles, tuberculoma, fissures, periapical granuloma or lesions within jaw. [1][2][3][4] Primary lesions are relatively uncommon and characterized by a solitary painless ulcer with regional lymphadenopathy. Children and adolescents are affected more than adults.…”