'Extraordinary Renditions' and State Obligations to Criminalize and Prosecute Torture in the Light of the Abu Omar Case in Italy

Abstract

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Dutch tolerance of torture? CIA extraordinary rendition flights in the Netherlands

“…He ended up in Egypt where he was held at two different detention sites and subjected to numerous forms of torture, making Italy complicit in torture (The Rendition Project, 2002: 10;Messineo, 2009). Another case is that of the German Muhammad Zammer, who travelled from Germany to Morocco where he got arrested and flown to Syria; there is evidence that the German government provided Zammer's travel plans to US officials (Hawkins, 2005: 252-253;AI, 2011).…”

“…Consequently, we cannot provide a full picture of the ERFs and Dutch involvement, because accurate information can only be given by authorities and other organizations that remain reluctant to provide such information; if only because they are not investigated and/or not ordered by the Dutch government to share such information, revealing a reluctance of the Dutch government itself. Giving an accurate overview is further complicated because, next to the CIA, more agencies have been involved such as the US Department of Defense and the FBI (Mayer, 2005;Messineo, 2009). Therefore, we have taken on board recommendations to utilize publicly available flight data and other relevant data on known and suspected ERFs to evidence their existence, and document their characteristics (Raphael et al, 2016;Cordell, 2017).…”