Extraordinary Diversity of Chemosensory Receptor Gene Repertoires Among Vertebrates

Shi, Peng; Zhang, J.

doi:10.1007/400_2008_4

Cited by 39 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 101 publications

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“…In contrast, the zebrafish genome is equipped with as many as~100 genes for TAAR-type olfactory receptors that far exceed TAAR genes in any other organisms examined (e.g., 6 in human, 17 in rat, 16 in mouse, 13 in Fugu fish) (Gloriam et al 2005;Korsching 2009;Shi and Zhang 2009). Such a huge diversity of TAAR genes in the zebrafish suggests the possibility that this fish species can detect and discriminate various amine compounds.…”

Section: Olfactory Receptorsmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…The gene repertoires of OR-, V1R-, and V2R-type olfactory receptors in zebrafish are significantly smaller than those in mouse by an order of magnitude (Shi and Zhang 2009). In contrast, the zebrafish genome is equipped with as many as~100 genes for TAAR-type olfactory receptors that far exceed TAAR genes in any other organisms examined (e.g., 6 in human, 17 in rat, 16 in mouse, 13 in Fugu fish) (Gloriam et al 2005;Korsching 2009;Shi and Zhang 2009).…”

Section: Olfactory Receptorsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…First, the zebrafish genome is equipped with the largest number of amine receptors, TAARs, in all animal species examined (Gloriam et al 2005;Korsching 2009;Shi and Zhang 2009). Second, several amine compounds induce strong electroolfactogram responses in the zebrafish OE (Michel et al 2003).…”

Section: Aminesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Zebrafish Olfactory System

Yoshihara

2014

The Olfactory System

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Similar to other animal species, fishes efficiently use the sense of smell for locating food, detecting danger, communicating social information, and memorizing beneficial and detrimental conditions. This review summarizes recent advances in our knowledge of the olfactory system in the zebrafish (Danio rerio), which has become one of the most useful and important model organisms in neurobiology. Olfactory receptors belonging to the OR, V1R, V2R, and TAAR families are differentially expressed in three types of the olfactory sensory neurons (ciliated, microvillus, and crypt) in the olfactory epithelium. In the olfactory bulb, nine glomerular clusters are clearly delineated by anatomical features and molecular markers, serving as functional units important for odor information categorization, coding, and processing. Individual output neurons of the olfactory bulb project axons to a combination of four major target regions in the forebrain: the posterior zone of dorsal telencephalon, the ventral nucleus of ventral telencephalon, the posterior tuberculum, and the right habenula. Distinct modes of odor information decoding are employed by the individual olfactory centers: either nonselective or biased as well as either diffuse or convergent, which contribute to eliciting different physiological and behavioral responses. By taking advantage of its small brain, transparency of larvae, and amenability to various genetic and imaging techniques, zebrafish will pave the way toward understanding the functional organization of the olfactory system as a whole.

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Section: Olfactory Receptorsmentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Olfactory Receptorsmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Zebrafish Olfactory System

Yoshihara

2014

The Olfactory System

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“…However, the observation that they are also expressed in such diverse tissues as testis (Fukuda et al 2004) and renal distal nephrons (Pluznick et al 2009), besides the olfactory epithelium (Vassar et al 1993), raises the question of how their structural communality can actually generate such an astonishing functional diversity. Olfactory receptors constitute the largest gene family amongst mammalian G-protein-coupled receptors (Fleischer et al 2009) and exhibit such prominent features as a high intraspecific variability, remarkable discriminative repertoires of environmental molecules and numerous pseudogenes (Shi and Zhang, 2009). It is through the realization of these features that animals can actually search for food, accomplish mating and care for their offspring, and occasionally flee to avoid danger.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are Olfactory Receptors Really Olfactive?

2011

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Any living organism interacts with and responds specifically to environmental molecules by expressing specific olfactory receptors. In this paper, this specificity will be first examined in causal terms with particular emphasis on the mechanisms controlling olfactory gene expression, cell-to-cell interactions and odordecoding processes. However, this type of explanation does not entirely justify the role olfactory receptors have played during evolution, since they are also expressed ectopically in different organs and/or tissues. Homologous olfactory genes have in fact been found in such diverse cells and/or organs as spermatozoa, testis and kidney where they are assumed to act as chemotactic sensors or renin modulators. To justify their functional diversity, homologous olfactory receptors are assumed to share the same basic role: that of conferring a self-identity to cells or tissues under varying environmental conditions. By adopting this standpoint, the functional attribution as olfactory or chemotactic sensors to these receptors should not be seen either as a cause conditioning receptor gene expression, or as a final effect resulting from genetically predetermined programs, but as a direct consequence of the environmental conditions olfactory receptor genes have explored during evolution. The association of odorant patterns with specific environmental or contextual situations makes their relationship semiotically triadic, due to the emergence of an interpretant capable of perceiving odorants as meaningful signs out of a noisy background. This perspective highlights the importance of odorant-receptor relationships as respect to the properties of the interacting partners. It is our contention that only when taken together can these different explanatory strategies provide a realistic account of how olfactory receptor genes have been structurally and functionally modified during evolution.

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“…To date, the complete gene repertoires of nasal chemoreceptors have been described in several vertebrates [22]. Comparative genomic analyses reveal a great diversity of nasal chemosensory receptor gene repertoires among mammals [5, [23][24][25][26][27][28].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative genomic analysis reveals more functional nasal chemoreceptors in nocturnal mammals than in diurnal mammals

et al. 2010

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Natural selection has a critical role in the diversity of morphological traits. However, the genetic basis underlying the evolution and diversity of morphological characteristics, particularly in the context an organism's behavior, lifestyle, and environment, is not well understood. The discovery of nasal chemoreceptors in mammals provided an opportunity to address this question. Here, we identify 4 nasal chemoreceptor gene families (V1R, V2R, OR, and TAAR) from horse, guinea pig, marmoset and orangutan genome sequences, respectively. Together with previously described mammalian nasal chemoreceptor gene repertoires, we found a significant positive correlation between functional gene number and morphological complexity, both in the main olfactory system and the vomeronasal system. The combined analysis of morphological data, behavioral data, and gene repertoires suggests that nocturnal mammals tend to possess more species-specific chemoreceptor genes and more complicated olfactory organs than diurnal mammals. Moreover, analysis of evolutionary forces revealed the existence of positive selection on the species-specific genes, likely reflecting the species-specific detection of odors and pheromones. Taken together, these results reflect a rare case of adaptation to circadian rhythm activity at the genome scale, and strongly suggest that the complexity of morphological olfactory organs and the diversification of nasal chemoreceptors in nocturnal mammals are under selection for the ability to perceive the variety of odors that nocturnal mammals may encounter in their particular dark environments. nasal chemoreceptors, adaptive evolution, nocturnal mammal, diurnal mammal, morphological complexity Citation:Wang G D, Zhu Z H, Shi P, et al. Comparative genomic analysis reveals more functional nasal chemoreceptors in nocturnal mammals than in diurnal mammals.

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Extraordinary Diversity of Chemosensory Receptor Gene Repertoires Among Vertebrates

Cited by 39 publications

References 101 publications

Zebrafish Olfactory System

Zebrafish Olfactory System

Are Olfactory Receptors Really Olfactive?

Comparative genomic analysis reveals more functional nasal chemoreceptors in nocturnal mammals than in diurnal mammals

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