Extrafloral Nectar Consumption and Its Influence on Survival and Development of an Omnivorous Predator, LarvalChrysoperla plorabunda(Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

Dealing with food shortage: larval dispersal behaviour and survival on non‐prey food of the hoverfly Episyrphus balteatus

“…Similar effects of a non-prey diet were observed for ladybird and lacewing development. These larvae survived well on non-prey diets, but development was prolonged or not completed (Limburg & Rosenheim, 2001;Berkvens et al, 2008;Meissle et al, 2014). Interestingly, E. balteatus larval weight and survival did not differ between the different types of non-prey diet (honey, pollen, honey + pollen), indicating that none of the non-prey diets, whether protein-rich, sugar-rich or containing ample protein and sugar, was more suitable for larval survival than any of the others.…”

Non-target effects of chlorantraniliprole and thiamethoxam on Chrysoperla carnea when employed as sunflower seed treatments

“…Because extrafloral nectar lacks the protein needed for growth and development, its consumption by lacewing larvae tends to decrease with increasing availability of prey (Limburg and Rosenheim 2001). Thus, the availability of ad libitum prey (eggs of E. kuehniella) during larval exposure in these experiments may have somewhat reduced the consumption of extrafloral nectar by larvae.…”

“…Non-prey foods such as honeydew, floral and extrafloral nectar, and pollen can be important resources for chrysopids in both larval (Downes 1974) and adult (Venzon et al 2006) stages. Limburg and Rosenheim (2001) showed that extrafloral nectar was an important food source for neonate lacewing larvae on cotton and that its consumption increased as the availability of aphid prey declined. Patt et al (2003) showed that larvae of C. carnea used the carbon present in sugar to supplement their diet and enhance their growth and development.…”

“…The most likely explanation for these results is the contamination of extrafloral nectar with residues of the insecticides, since these insects lack chewing mouthparts and are unable to consume leaf or stem tissues, but were often directly observed consuming nectar. Both adults and larvae of C. carnea are known to consume extrafloral nectar to supplement their diet (Limburg and Rosenheim 2001;Rogers et al 2007). The effects on reproductive parameters observed in the present work suggest that populations of C. carnea might be reduced in sunflower fields when seed is treated with chlorantraniliprole or thiamethoxam.…”

Identification of plant families associated with the predators Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) and Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Menéville (Coleoptera: Coccinelidae) using pollen grain as a natural marker

“…(Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) in cotton; and that the consumption increases when the local availability of prey diminishes. The authors concluded that the larva of C. plorabunda is omnivorous, instead of being carnivorous as had been affirmed in the literature (Limburg and Rosenheim, 2001). Yee (1998 apud Silberbauer et al, 2004) analysed the grains of pollen ingested by neuropteran Mallada signatus (Schneider) of the Chrysopidae family and also found great amounts of pollen in the gut, especially of Eucalyptus spp.…”