Extracts of<i>Tripterygium wilfordii</i>Hook F in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials

Liu, Yafei; Tu, Shenghao; Gao, Weina; Wang, Yu; Liu, Peilin; Hu, Yonghong; Dong, Hui

doi:10.1155/2013/410793

Cited by 42 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The genus Tripterygium (Celastraceae) is known to be a rich source of specialized metabolites, of which more than 400 have been isolated, structurally characterized, and assessed in cell-based assays (Brinker et al, 2007). Root extracts have been evaluated as a medication for rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, hepatitis, nephritis, ankylosing spondylitis, polycystic kidney disease, and obesity; more than a dozen clinical trials with such extracts (often referred to as Tripterygium glycoside) have been completed, but, in part due to shortcomings in study designs, the efficacy has remained a matter of debate (Chen et al, 2010;Liu et al, 2013;Zhu et al, 2013). More promising results have been obtained with purified constituents, which are usually extracted from Tripterygium roots.…”

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confidence: 99%

Biosynthesis of Diterpenoids in Tripterygium Adventitious Root Cultures

et al. 2017

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ORCID IDs: 0000-0003-4828-958X (M.H.); 0000-0001-7934-7987 (N.S.); 0000-0002-4080-8608 (A.N.P.); 0000-0003-4691-8477 (R.J.P.); 0000-0001-6565-9584 (B.M.L.).Adventitious root cultures were developed from Tripterygium regelii, and growth conditions were optimized for the abundant production of diterpenoids, which can be collected directly from the medium. An analysis of publicly available transcriptome data sets collected with T. regelii roots and root cultures indicated the presence of a large gene family (with 20 members) for terpene synthases (TPSs). Nine candidate diterpene synthase genes were selected for follow-up functional evaluation, of which two belonged to the TPS-c, three to the TPS-e/f, and four to the TPS-b subfamilies. These genes were characterized by heterologous expression in a modular metabolic engineering system in Escherichia coli. Members of the TPS-c subfamily were characterized as copalyl diphosphate (diterpene) synthases, and those belonging to the TPS-e/f subfamily catalyzed the formation of precursors of kaurane diterpenoids. The TPS-b subfamily encompassed genes coding for enzymes involved in abietane diterpenoid biosynthesis and others with activities as monoterpene synthases. The structural characterization of diterpenoids accumulating in the medium of T. regelii adventitious root cultures, facilitated by searching the Spektraris online spectral database, enabled us to formulate a biosynthetic pathway for the biosynthesis of triptolide, a diterpenoid with pharmaceutical potential. Considering the significant enrichment of diterpenoids in the culture medium, fast-growing adventitious root cultures may hold promise as a sustainable resource for the large-scale production of triptolide.

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confidence: 99%

Biosynthesis of Diterpenoids in Tripterygium Adventitious Root Cultures

et al. 2017

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“…Homogenates from root samples were extracted with acetone, and metabolites were separated and detected, based on previously published protocols, using HPLC-quadrupole time of flight (QTOF)-mass spectrometry (MS; Cuthbertson et al, 2013;Liu et al, 2013;Fischedick et al, 2015). Authentic standards of triptolide (Fig.…”

Section: Quantitation Of Specialized Metabolites In Tripterygium Rootmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Root extracts were later evaluated by allopathic medicine, but several randomized controlled clinical trials (conducted during the 1980s to 2000s) that evaluated the efficacy for treating rheumatoid arthritis reached inconsistent conclusions (Liu et al, 2013). Challenges for standardization remain because a plethora of metabolites have been isolated and structurally characterized from Tripterygium extracts (many of which are bioactive), including sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, triterpenoids, and sesquiterpene pyridine alkaloids (Brinker et al, 2007).…”

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Integrative Approaches for the Identification and Localization of Specialized Metabolites in Tripterygium Roots

et al. 2016

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ORCID IDs: 0000-0001-6565-9584 (B.M.L.); 0000-0001-7934-7987 (N.S.); 0000-0002-0600-6847 (D.Š.).Members of the genus Tripterygium are known to contain an astonishing diversity of specialized metabolites. The lack of authentic standards has been an impediment to the rapid identification of such metabolites in extracts. We employed an approach that involves the searching of multiple, complementary chromatographic and spectroscopic data sets against the Spektraris database to speed up the metabolite identification process. Mass spectrometry-based imaging indicated a differential localization of triterpenoids to the periderm and sesquiterpene alkaloids to the cortex layer of Tripterygium roots. We further provide evidence that triterpenoids are accumulated to high levels in cells that contain suberized cell walls, which might indicate a mechanism for storage. To our knowledge, our data provide first insights into the cell type specificity of metabolite accumulation in Tripterygium and set the stage for furthering our understanding of the biological implications of specialized metabolites in this genus.

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“…The safety of TwHF extracts and their effects on the treatment of RA are systematically assessed by meta-analysis, demonstrating that TwHF extracts have the similar efficacy to other DMARDs in the treatment of RA [15]. However, although TwHF have been beneficial for patients with RA, subsequent adverse effects of TwHF have been reported and should not been ignored.…”

Section: Safety and Adverse Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%